Fundamental and Applied Toxicology
Regular ArticleComparative Subchronic Studies on 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid, Amine, and Ester in Rats☆
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2022, Journal of Food Composition and AnalysisHerbicides and fungicides
2022, Reproductive and Developmental ToxicologyPrenatal exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides and the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and size at birth in urban pregnant women
2021, Environmental ResearchCitation Excerpt :Second, prenatal cholinesterase might be inhibited more in boys compared with girls, as demonstrated in previous research regarding post-natal exposures (Dam et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2016). Third, both the herbicide 2,4-D and chlorpyrifos, the parent compound of TCPy, are endocrine disruptor chemicals which might affect thyroid gland and thyroid-stimulating hormone or thyroid hormones; these findings are pronounced in male but not in female rodents (Charles et al., 1996; De Angelis et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2016). In a previous study on TDID cohort (Horton et al., 2015), found an inverse association between exposure to the mixture of Perchlorate, nitrate, thiocyanate and iodide and maternal TSH.
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid containing herbicide impairs essential visually guided behaviors of larval fish
2019, Aquatic ToxicologyCitation Excerpt :In particular, 2,4-D has been shown to impact sensory organs used for foraging and prey consumption in crayfish (Browne and Moore, 2014). Moreover, chronic exposure of rats to 2,4-D can impair the visual system (Charles et al., 1996a, 1996b; Mattsson et al., 1997). It is unclear why sensory systems may be more vulnerable compared to motor systems when exposed to 2,4-D.
Evaluation of non-invasive biomonitoring of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in saliva
2018, ToxicologyCitation Excerpt :Considerable assessments of possible adverse effects of 2,4-D exposure have been conducted, investigating genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, cancer, and neurotoxicity in animal models and humans. Notably, 2,4-D doses ≥ 50 mg/kg in rats appear to have a widespread impact, ranging from renal tubule damage (Charles et al., 1996) to central nervous system toxicity (Munro et al., 1992). Exposure to 2,4-D in humans have also been associated with non-Hodgkins lymphoma in epidemiological studies (Hoar et al., 1986; Zahm et al., 1990); however, major reviews conclude that the weight of evidence does not support a causal relationship (Burns and Swaen, 2012; Garabrant and Philbert, 2002; Goodman et al., 2015; Von Stackelberg, 2013).
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This work was supported by Industry Task Force II on 2,4-D Research Data.
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To whom all correspondence should be addressed at Dow Chemical Company, 1803 Building, Midland, MI 48674.