Hypercholesterolemia and 5-Year Risk of Development of Coronary Heart Disease among University and School Workers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0713

Preventive Medicine

Volume 31, Issue 4, October 2000, Pages 390-395

https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2000.0713 Get rights and content

Abstract

Background. A study was performed among university and school employees as a step in detecting the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors among school and university staff and the relation of the various risk factors to hypercholesterolemia and to predict the 5-years probability of development of CHD.

Methods. All university staff and a sample of school workers in Jeddah were included in the study. Data were collected by interview and self-administered questionnaires, as well as by direct observation and measurement of weight, height, blood pressure, and total blood cholesterol. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the impact of various risk factors on hypercholesterolemia. The 5-year risk of development of CHD was calculated to identify the proportion at highest risk.

Results. Some CHD risk factors were detected among the participants as 18.8% were current cigarette smokers, around half were classified as overweight, and 19.9% were classified as hypertensive. Hypercholesterolemia was present in 10.1% and was significantly related to older age (40 years and over) and place of work. The estimated risk of CHD in the coming half-decade for those classified in the fifth quintile was 0.068. The Q₅/Q₁ ratio has shown that those classified in the fifth quintile were at 3.6 times more risk of developing CHD in the coming 5 years than those classified in the first quintile.

Conclusion. CHD risk factors are becoming prevalent in our society. The risk of development of CHD in the coming decades is not trivial. Short- and long-term health strategies are recommended to decrease the risk of CHD and improve the quality of life.

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Hypercholesterolemia and its associated risk factors-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013
2014, Annals of Epidemiology
Citation Excerpt :
In the early 80s, prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 7% for males and 8% for females and increased with age and body mass index (BMI) [9,10]. Since the late 90s, data on hypercholesterolemia are limited [11]. However, prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was reported as 18.6% for males and 19.7% for females in 2005 [12].
To assess the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and its associated factors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
A national multistage representative sample of Saudis aged 15 years or older was surveyed through face-to-face interviews. Data on sociodemographics, risk factors, and health information were collected, and blood sample analysis was performed. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.3 to account for the sample weights and complex survey design.
Between April and June 2013, a total of 10,735 participants completed the survey. Overall, 8.5% of Saudis had hypercholesterolemia. Another 19.6% had borderline hypercholesterolemia. Among hypercholesterolemic Saudis, 65.1% were undiagnosed, 2.3% were treated uncontrolled, 28.3% were treated controlled, and 4.3% were untreated. The risk of being hypercholesterolemic increased with age and among individuals who reported consuming margarine, obese individuals, and those who have been previously diagnosed with hypertension or diabetes.
More than a million Saudis have hypercholesterolemia, and 700,000 of them are unaware of their condition which can be controlled through early detection campaigns and lifestyle change and medication. An urgent awareness and screening campaign is needed in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to prevent and avoid disease progression toward more serious stages.
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^☆: The authors acknowledge the help of all members of the Department of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, as well as the fourth-year medical students. We also thank the Directors of the Boards of Education in Jeddah during the academic year 1996–1997. Our thanks also go to the King Abdulaziz University staff and the School staff who have accepted participation in our study.

^☆☆: The study was funded by the Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah.

¹: To whom reprint requests should be addressed at the Department of Community Medicine and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80205, Jeddah 21589-KSA, Saudi Arabia. Fax: (966-2) 6060564 or (966-2) 6408403. E-mail: [email protected].

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Regular ArticleHypercholesterolemia and 5-Year Risk of Development of Coronary Heart Disease among University and School Workers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia☆,☆☆

Abstract

Am J Cardiol

Coronary artery disease: an overview of risk factors

Indian Heart J

Predicting, explaining and preventing coronary heart disease: an epidemiological view

Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis

JAMA

JAMA

Progress in the epidemiology and prevention of coronary heart disease

Trends in serum cholesterol levels from 1980–1987. The Minnesota Heart Survey

N Engl J Med

Serum cholesterol, lipoproteins and the risk of coronary heart diseases

Ann Intern Med

Risk factors: their role in the aetiology and pathogenesis of the atherosclerotic diseases

Increasing inequality in ischaemic heart disease morbidity among employed men in Denmark 1981–1993: the need for a new preventive policy

Int J Epidemiol

Association of education with cardiovascular risk factors in young adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

Int J Epidemiol

Preventive cardiology in practice: a device for risk estimation and counseling in coronary disease

Prev Med

IV. Five-year follow-up of employees of selected U.S. railroad companies

Circulation

Prevention and control of cardiovascular disease

Prevalence of obesity in Saudi population

Ann Saudi Med

The prevalence of hypertension in different geographical regions of Saudi Arabia

Ann Saudi Med

The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among school teachers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

J Saudi Heart Assoc

Cardiovascular disease health risk appraisal in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah

King Abdulaziz Univ Med Sci

Regular Article
Hypercholesterolemia and 5-Year Risk of Development of Coronary Heart Disease among University and School Workers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia☆,☆☆