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Functional Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia: Selected Results and Methods

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Book cover Behavioral Neurobiology of Schizophrenia and Its Treatment

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences ((CTBN,volume 4))

Abstract

Functional brain imaging studies of patients with schizophrenia may be grouped into those that assume that the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia are due to disordered circuitry within a critical brain region and studies that assume that the signs and symptoms are due to disordered connections among brain regions. Studies have investigated the disordered functional brain anatomy of both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Studies of spontaneous hallucinations find that although hallucinations are associated with abnormal brain activity in primary and secondary sensory areas, disordered brain activation associated with hallucinations is not limited to sensory systems. Disordered activation in non-sensory regions appear to contribute to the emotional strength and valence of hallucinations, to be a factor underlying an inability to distinguish ongoing mental processing from memories, and to reflect the brain’s attempt to modulate the intensity of hallucinations and resolve conflicts with other processing demands. Brain activation studies support the view that auditory/verbal hallucinations are associated with an impaired ability of internal speech plans to modulate neural activation in sensory language areas. In early studies, negative symptoms of schizophrenia were hypothesized to be associated with impaired function in frontal brain areas. In support of this hypothesis meta-analytical studies have found that resting blood flow or metabolism in frontal cortex is reduced in schizophrenia, though the magnitude of the effect is only small to moderate. Brain activation studies of working memory (WM) functioning are typically associated with large effect sizes in the frontal cortex, whereas studies of functions other than WM generally reveal smaller effects. Findings from some functional connectivity studies have supported the hypothesis that schizophrenia patients experience impaired functional connections between frontal and temporal cortex, although the nature of the disordered connectivity is complex. More recent studies have used functional brain imaging to study neural compensation in schizophrenia, to serve as endophenotypes in genetic studies and to provide biomarkers in drug development studies. These emerging trends in functional brain imaging research are likely to help stimulate the development of a general neurobiological theory of the complex symptoms of schizophrenia.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Kraepelin and his colleagues used the term dementia broadly to mean a loss of mental functions, a phrase encompassing emotion, personality, and intelligence. Authors of the time used the terms manic-depressive dementia, delusional depressive dementia, paranoid gravis dementia, in addition to senile dementia.

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Acknowledgments

Support for the preparation of this chapter was provided by the VA VISN 22 Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center and by NIH grant 2K25 MH076981 awarded to the second author. This chapter is dedicated to Gerald Rosenbaum whose enthusiasm for the study of schizophrenia survives in the students and colleagues whom he greatly influenced.

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  1. Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA

    Gregory G. Brown

  2. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA

    Gregory G. Brown & Wesley K. Thompson

  3. Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Wesley K. Thompson

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  1. Gregory G. Brown
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  2. Wesley K. Thompson
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Correspondence to Gregory G. Brown .

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  1. , Dept. of Psychiatry - MC 0804, University of San Diego, Gilman Drive 9500, La Jolla, 92093, USA

    Neal R. Swerdlow

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Brown, G.G., Thompson, W.K. (2010). Functional Brain Imaging in Schizophrenia: Selected Results and Methods. In: Swerdlow, N. (eds) Behavioral Neurobiology of Schizophrenia and Its Treatment. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2010_54

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