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Two-Component Signaling and Gram Negative Envelope Stress Response Systems

  • Chapter
Bacterial Signal Transduction: Networks and Drug Targets

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 631))

Abstract

Bacteria have evolved complex stress responses that allow them to respond to their surroundings. In Gram negative bacteria, these stress responses can be compartmentalized into the cytoplasmic and extracytoplasmic (envelope) stress responses. The extracytoplasmic stress response monitors the integrity of the envelope, which consists of the outer membrane (OM), inner membrane (IM) and the periplasm. The OM is an atypical membrane in that it is asymmetrical with lipopolysaccharides found only on the outer facet. Functions of the OM include acting as a permeability barrier, allowing for transport via porins and avoiding phagocytosis1. The IM is composed of phospholipids and proteins. The IM is involved in many activities including energy generation and conservation, biosynthetic and catabolic reactions, signal transduction and acting as a hydrophobic barrier to control and maintain the intracellular concentrations of cytoplasmic ions/molecules2. The periplasm, which lies between the IM and OM, contains the peptidogylcan layer that is involved in maintaining cell shape. Although it has been thought that the periplasm is extremely viscous due to its high protein content, it was recently shown that the viscosity of the periplams is not that much different than the cytoplasm with an average diffusion rate of 9.0±2.1 μm2s−1 in the cytoplasm and 2.6±1.2 μm2s−1 in the periplasm3. The periplasm is involved in processing essential nutrients for transport, biogenesis of major envelope components, detoxification and buffering the cytoplasmic environment from external stresses to maintain growth and viability4.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

    Dawn M. MacRitchie, Daelynn R. Buelow, Nancy L. Price & Tracy L. Raivio

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    Ryutaro Utsumi PhD

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MacRitchie, D.M., Buelow, D.R., Price, N.L., Raivio, T.L. (2008). Two-Component Signaling and Gram Negative Envelope Stress Response Systems. In: Utsumi, R. (eds) Bacterial Signal Transduction: Networks and Drug Targets. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 631. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78885-2_6

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