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Epigenetic Contributions in Autoimmune Disease pp 82–102Cite as

Epigenetic Dysregulation of Epstein-Barr Virus Latency and Development of Autoimmune Disease

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Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 711))

Abstract

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that persists in the memory B-cells of the majority of the world population in a latent form. Primary EBV infection is asymptomatic or causes a self-limiting disease, infectious mononucleosis. Virus latency is associated with a wide variety of neoplasms whereof some occur in immune suppressed individuals. Virus production does not occur in strict latency. The expression of latent viral oncoproteins and nontranslated RNAs is under epigenetic control via DNA methylation and histone modifications that results either in a complete silencing of the EBV genome in memory B cells, or in a cell-type dependent usage of a couple of latency promoters in tumor cells, germinal center B cells and lymphoblastoid cells (LCL, transformed by EBV in vitro). Both, latent and lytic EBV proteins elicit a strong immune response. In immune suppressed and infectious mononucleosis patients, an increased viral load can be detected in the blood. Enhanced lytic replication may result in new infection? and transformation-events and thus is a risk factor both for malignant transformation and the development of autoimmune diseases. An increased viral load or a changed presentation of a subset of lytic or latent EBV proteins that cross-react with cellular antigens may trigger pathogenic processes through molecular mimicry that result in multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene of the University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany

    Hans Helmut Niller & Hans Wolf

  2. Microbiological Research Group of the National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary

    Eva Ay & Janos Minarovits

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  1. Hans Helmut Niller
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  2. Hans Wolf
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  1. Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain

    Esteban Ballestar PhD

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Niller, H.H., Wolf, H., Ay, E., Minarovits, J. (2011). Epigenetic Dysregulation of Epstein-Barr Virus Latency and Development of Autoimmune Disease. In: Ballestar, E. (eds) Epigenetic Contributions in Autoimmune Disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 711. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8216-2_7

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