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Lotus Effect: Surfaces with Roughness-Induced Superhydrophobicity, Self-Cleaning, and Low Adhesion

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Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology

Part of the book series: Springer Handbooks ((SHB))

Abstract

Superhydrophobic surfaces exhibit extreme water-repellent properties. These surfaces with high contact angle and low contact angle hysteresis also exhibit a self-cleaning effect and low drag for fluid flow. These surfaces are of interest in various applications, including self-cleaning windows, exterior paints for buildings, navigation ships, textiles, solar panels, and applications requiring antifouling and a reduction in fluid flow, e.g., in micro/nanochannels. Superhydrophobic surfaces can also be used for energy conservation and energy conversion, such as in the development of a microscale capillary engine. Superhydrophobic surfaces prevent the formation of menisci at a contacting interface and can be used to minimize adhesion and stiction. Certain plant leaves, notably lotus leaves, are known to be superhydrophobic and self-cleaning due to hierarchical roughness and the presence of wax tubules on the leaf surface. This phenomenon is known as the lotus effect. Superhydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces can be produced by using roughness combined with hydrophobic coatings. In this chapter, the theory of roughness-induced superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning is presented, followed by the characterization data of natural leaf surfaces. Micro-, nano-, and hierarchical patterned structures have been fabricated, and the wetting properties and adhesion have been characterized to validate models and provide design guidelines for superhydrophobic and self-cleaning surfaces. In addition, a model of contact angle for oleophilic/phobic surfaces is presented. The wetting behavior of fabricated surfaces is investigated. Fundamental physical mechanisms of wetting responsible for the transition between various wetting regimes, contact angle, and contact angle hysteresis are also discussed.

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Abbreviations

AFM:

atomic force microscope

AFM:

atomic force microscopy

AKD:

alkylketene dimer

BCH:

brucite-type cobalt hydroxide

CAH:

contact angle hysteresis

CBD:

chemical bath deposition

CCD:

charge-coupled device

CNT:

carbon nanotube

CVD:

chemical vapor deposition

DI:

deionized

DI:

digital instrument

ESEM:

environmental scanning electron microscope

FAA:

formaldehyde–acetic acid–ethanol

GSED:

gaseous secondary-electron detector

HAR:

high aspect ratio

ITO:

indium tin oxide

LA:

lauric acid

LAR:

low aspect ratio

LBL:

layer-by-layer

MEMS:

microelectromechanical system

MWCNT:

multiwall carbon nanotube

NADIS:

nanoscale dispensing

NEMS:

nanoelectromechanical system

OTS:

octadecyltrichlorosilane

P–V:

peak-to-valley

PAA:

poly(acrylic acid)

PAA:

porous anodic alumina

PAH:

poly(allylamine hydrochloride)

PC:

polycarbonate

PDMS:

polydimethylsiloxane

PECVD:

plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

PFDTES:

perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane

PFOS:

perfluorooctanesulfonate

PMMA:

poly(methyl methacrylate)

PPy:

polypyrrole

PS-PDMS:

poly(styrene-b-dimethylsiloxane)

PS:

polystyrene

PTFE:

polytetrafluoroethylene

PUA:

polyurethane acrylate

PVD:

physical vapor deposition

RH:

relative humidity

RMS:

root mean square

SAM:

scanning acoustic microscopy

SAM:

self-assembled monolayer

SEM:

scanning electron microscope

SEM:

scanning electron microscopy

TMS:

tetramethylsilane

TMS:

trimethylsilyl

UV:

ultraviolet

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- and Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLB2), Ohio State University, 201 W. 19th Avenue, 43210-1142, Columbus, OH, USA

    Bharat Bhushan

  2. Senior Engineer Process Development Team, Samsung Electronics C., Ltd., San #16 Banwol-Dong, Hwasung-City, 445-701, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea

    Yong Chae Jung

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N. Cramer St., 53211, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Michael Nosonovsky

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    Bharat Bhushan

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Bhushan, B., Jung, Y.C., Nosonovsky, M. (2010). Lotus Effect: Surfaces with Roughness-Induced Superhydrophobicity, Self-Cleaning, and Low Adhesion. In: Bhushan, B. (eds) Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02525-9_42

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