Abstract
The term pathogenesis is most simply defined as the development of disease. Many uncomplicated infectious diseases proceed in a direct fashion from infection to a specific pathologic expression. However, other diseases are relatively complex in terms of pathogenesis; Marek’s disease (MD) most certainly belongs in this category. This chapter will concern itself with the spectrum of sequential events triggered by infection with MD virus (MDV), and the consequences of those events at both the cellular and host level. It will also consider the many factors that affect the potential manifestations of MD. Attention will be given to mechanisms and interactions associated with those factors. Major emphasis will be placed on the lymphomagenic nature of the disease.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abplanalp H, Schat KA, Calnek BW (1985) Resistance to Marek’s disease of congenic strains differing in major histocompatibility haplotypes to 3 virus strains. In: Calnek BW, Spencer JL (eds) Intl Symp on Marek’s Disease. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennett Square, PA, pp 347–358
Adldinger HK, Calnek BW (1972) Effect of chelators on the in vitro infection with Marek’s disease virus.In: Biggs PM, de Thé G, Payne LN (eds) Oncogenesis and Herpesviruses. IARC, Lyon, France,pp 99–105
Adldinger HK, Calnek BW (1973) Pathogenesis of Marek’s disease: early distribution of virus and viral antigens in infected chickens. J Natl Cancer Inst 50:1287–1298
Akiyama Y, Kato S, Iwa N (1973) Continuous cell culture from lymphoma of Marek’s disease. Biken J 16:177–179
Anderson AS, Francesconi A, Morgan RW (1992) Complete nucleotide sequence of the Marek’s disease virus ICP4 gene. Virology 189:657–667
Anderson DP, Eidson CS, Richey DJ (1971) Age susceptibility of chickens to Marek’s disease. Am J Vet Res 32:935–938
Baigent SJ, Davison TF (1999) Development and composition of lymphoid lesions in the spleens of Marek’s disease virus-infected chickens: association with virus spread and the pathogenesis of Marek’s disease. Avian Pathol 28:287–300
Baigent SJ, Ross LJN, Davison TF (1998) Differential susceptibility to Marek’s disease is associated with differences in number, but not phenotype or location, of pp38 + lymphocytes. J Gen Virol 79:2795–2802
Ball RF, Hill JF, Lyman J, Wyatt A (1971) The resistance to Marek’s disease of chicks from immunized breeders. Poult Sci 50:1084–1090
Barrow A, Venugopal K (1999) Molecular characteristics of very virulent European MDV isolates. Acta Virologica 43:90–93
Beasley JN, Patterson LT, McWade DH (1970) Transmission of Marek’s disease by poultry house dust and chicken dander. Am J Vet Res 31:339–344
Biggs PM (1973) Marek’s disease. In: Kaplan AS (ed) The Herpesviruses. Academic Press, New York, pp 557–594
Bloom SE (1981) Detection of normal and aberrant chromosomes in chicken embryos and in tumor cells. Poult Sci 60:1355–1361
Bradley G, Hayashi M, Lancz G, Tanaka A, Nonoyama M (1989) Structure of the Marek’s disease virus BamHI-H gene family: genes of putative importance for tumor induction. J Virol 63:2534–2542
Burgess SC, Kaiser P, Davison TF (1996) A novel lymphoblastoid surface antigen and its role in Marek’s disease (MD). In: Silva RF, Cheng HH, Coussens PM, Lee LF, Velicer LF (eds) Current Research on Marek’s Disease. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennett Square, PA, pp 29–39
Buscaglia C, Calnek BW (1988) Maintenance of Marek’s disease herpesvirus latency in vitro by a factor found in conditioned medium. J Gen Virol 69:2809–2818
Buscaglia C, Calnek BW, Schat KA (1988) Effect of immunocompetence on the establishment and maintenance of latency with Marek’s disease herpesvirus. J Gen Virol 69:1067–1077
Buscaglia C, Nervi P, Garbi JL, Piscopo M (1995) Isolation of very virulent strains of Marek’s disease virus from vaccinated chickens in Argentina. In: Proc 44th Western Poultry Disease Conference, Sacramento, CA, pp 53–57
Calnek BW (1972) Effects of passive antibody on early pathogenesis of Marek’s disease. Infect Immun 6:193–198
Calnek BW (1973) Influence of age at exposure on the pathogenesis of Marek’s disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 51:929–939
Calnek BW (1980) Marek’s disease virus and lymphoma. In: Rapp F (ed) Oncogenic Herpesviruses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 103–143
Calnek BW (1985a) Genetic Resistance. In: Payne LN (ed) Marek’s Disease. Martinus Nijhoff, Boston, MA, pp 293–328
Calnek BW (1985b) Pathogenesis of Marek’s disease: a review. In: Calnek BW, Spencer JL (eds) Proc Int Symp Marek’s Dis American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennett Square, PA, pp 374–390
Calnek BW (1986) Marek’s disease: a model for herpesvirus oncology. CRC Crit Rev Microbiol 12:293–320
Calnek BW (1998) Lymphomagenesis in Marek’s disease. Avian Pathol 27:s54–s64
Calnek BW, Hitchner SB (1969) Localization of viral antigen in chickens infected with Marek’s disease herpesvirus. J Natl Cancer Inst 43:935–949
Calnek BW, Schat K (1991) Proliferation of chicken lymphoblastoid cells after in vitro infection with Marek’s disease virus. Avian Dis 35:728–737
Calnek BW, Witter RL (1997) Marek’s disease. In: Calnek BW, Barnes HJ, Beard CW, McDougald LR, Saif YM (eds) Diseases of Poultry. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, pp 369–413
Calnek BW, Adldinger HK, Kahn DE (1970) Feather follicle epithelium: a source of enveloped and infectious cell-free herpesvirus from Marek’s disease. Avian Dis 14:219–233
Calnek BW, Fabricant J, Schat KA, Murthy KK (1977) Pathogenicity of low-virulence Marek’s disease viruses in normal versus immunologically compromised chickens. Avian Dis 21:346–358
Calnek BW, Carlisle JC, Fabricant J, Murthy KK, Schat KA (1979) Comparative pathogenesis studies with oncogenic and nononcogenic Marek’s disease viruses and turkey herpesvirus. Am J Vet Res 40:541–548
Calnek BW, Schat KA, Fabricant J (1980) Modification of Marek’s disease pathogenesis by in ovo infection or prior vaccination. In: Essex M, Todaro G, zur Hausen H (eds) Viruses in Naturally Occurring Cancers. Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp 185–197
Calnek BW, Shek WR, Schat KA (1981) Latent infections with Marek’s disease virus and turkey herpesvirus. J Natl Cancer Inst 66:585–590
Calnek BW, Schat KA, Shek WR, Chen C-LH (1982) In vitro infection of lymphocytes with Marek’s disease virus. J Natl Cancer Inst 69:709–713
Calnek BW, Schat KA, Ross LJN, Shek WR, Chen C-LH (1984) Further characterization of Marek’s disease virus-infected lymphocytes. I. In vivo infection. Int J Cancer 33:389–398
Calnek BW, Schat KA, Heller ED, Buscaglia C (1985) In vitro infection of T-lymphoblasts with Marek’s disease virus. In: Calnek BW, Spencer JL (eds) Proc Int Symp Marek’s Dis. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennett Square, PA, pp 173–187
Calnek BW, Lucio B, Schat KA (1989a) Pathogenesis of Marek’s disease virus-induced local lesions. 2. Influence of virus strain and host genotype. In: Kato S, Horiuchi T, Mikami T, Hirai K (eds) Advances in Marek’s Disease Research. Japanese Association on Marek’s Disease, Osaka, Japan, pp 324–330
Calnek BW, Lucio B, Schat KA, Lillehoj HS (1989b) Pathogenesis of Marek’s disease virus-induced local lesions. 1. Lesion characterization and cell line establishment. Avian Dis 33:291–302
Calnek BW, Harris RW, Buscaglia C, Schat KA, Lucio B (1998) Relationship between the immuno-suppressive potential and the pathotype of Marek’s disease virus isolates. Avian Dis 42:124–132
Cantello JL, Anderson AS, Morgan RW (1994) Identification of latency-associated transcripts that map antisense to the ICP4 homolog gene of Marek’s disease virus. J Virol 68:6280–6290
Carpenter SL, Sevoian M (1983) Cellular immune response to Marek’s disease: listeriosis as a model of study. Avian Dis 27:344–356
Chubb RC, Churchill AE (1969) Effect of maternal antibody on Marek’s disease. Vet Rec 85:303–305
Churchill AE, Chubb RC, Baxendale W (1969) The attenuation, with loss of oncogenicity of the herpes-type virus of Marek’s disease (strain HPRS-16) on passage in cell culture. J Gen Virol 4:557–564
Cui Z, Lee LF (1997) Construction of a recombinant CV1988 strain expressing virulent epitopes on 38 KD phosphorylated protein of Marek’s disease virus. In: Proc XIth Inter Cong World’s Vet Poult Assoc, Budapest, Hungary, pp 32
Cui Z, Qin A (1996) Immunodepressive effects of the recombinant 38 KD phosphorylated protein of Marek’s disease virus. In: Silva RF, Cheng HH, Coussens PM, Lee LF, Velicer LF (eds) Current Research on Marek’s Disease. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennett Square, PA, pp 278–283
Cui Z-Z, Ding Y, Lee LF (1990) Marek’s disease virus gene clones encoding virus-specific phosphorylated polypeptides and serological characterization of fusion proteins. Virus Genes 3:309–322
Delecluse H-J, Hammerschmidt W (1993) Status of Marek’s disease virus in established lymphoma cell lines: herpesvirus integration is common. J Virol 67:82–92
Delecluse H-J, Schüller S, Hammerschmidt W (1993) Latent Marek’s disease virus can be activated from its chromosomally integrated state in herpesvirus-transformed lymphoma cells. Eur Mol Biol Organ J 12:3277–3286
Elmubarak AK, Sharma JM, Witter RL, Nazerian K, Sanger VL (1981) Induction of lymphomas and tumor antigen by Marek’s disease virus in turkeys. Avian Dis 25:911–926
Fabricant C (1975) Herpesvirus induced cholesterol: an added dimension in the pathogenesis, prophy-laxis, or treatment of atherosclerosis. Artery 1:361
Fabricant CG (1985) Atherosclerosis: the consequence of infection with a herpesvirus. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 30:39–66
Fabricant CG, Krook L, Gillespie JH (1973) Virus-induced cholesterol crystals. Science 181:566–567
Fabricant CG, Fabricant J, Litrenta MM, Minick CR (1978) Virus-induced atherosclerosis. J Exp Med 148:335–340
Fabricant CG, Hajjar DP, Minick CR, Fabricant J (1981) Herpesvirus infection enhances cholesterol and cholesteryl ester accumulation in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells. Am J Pathol 105:176–184
Fabricant J, Calnek BW, Schat KA (1982) The early pathogenesis of turkey herpesvirus infection in chickens and turkeys. Avian Dis 26:257–264
Fabricant J, Ianconescu M, Calnek BW (1977) Comparative effects of host and viral factors on early pathogenesis of Marek’s disease. Infect Immun 16:136–144
Ficken MD, Nasisse MP, Boggan GD, Guy JS, Wages DP, Witter RL, Rosenberger JK, Nordgren RM (1991) Marek’s disease virus isolates with unusual tropism and virulence for ocular tissues: clinical findings, challenge studies and pathological features. Avian Pathol 20:461–474
Fredericksen TL, Gilmour DG (1981) Chicken lymphocyte alloantigen genes and responsiveness of whole blood cells to Concanavalin A. Fed Proc 40:977
Fugimoto Y, Okada Y (1977) Pathological studies of Marek’s disease. III. Electron microscopic observation on demyelination of the peripheral nerves. Jap J Vet Res 25:59–70
Gilka F, Spencer JL (1995) Extravascular haemolytic anaemia in chicks infected with highly pathogenic Marek’s disease viruses. Avian Pathol 24:393–410
Gimeno IM, Witter RL (1999) Four distinct neurologic syndromes in Marek’s disease: effect of viral strain and pathotype. Avian Dis 43:721–737
Goodwin MA, Antillon A (1995) Necrotizing herpesvirus bursitis, thymusitis, and splenitis in chickens.Avian Dis 39:444–447
Hajjar DP, Falcone DJ, Fabricant C, Fabricant J (1985) Altered cholesteryl ester cycle is associated with lipid accumulation in herpesvirus-infected arterial smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 260:6124–6128
Hajjar DP, Fabricant CG, Minick CR, Fabricant J (1986) Virus-induced atherosclerosis. Am J Pathol 122:62–70
Heller ED, Schat KA (1987) Enhancement of natural killer cell activity by Marek’s disease vaccines. Avian Pathol 16:51–60
Higgins DA, Calnek BW (1975) Fowl immunoglobulins: quantitation and antibody activity during Marek’s disease in genetically resistant and susceptible birds. Infect Immun 11:33–41
Hiramoto W, Takeda K, Anzai R, Ogasawara K, Sakihara H, Sugiura K, Seki S, Kumagai K (1996) Reisolation of Marek’s disease virus from T cell subsets of vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens. In: Silva RF, Cheng HH, Coussens PM, Lee LF, Velicer LF (eds) Current Research on Marek’s Disease. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennett Square, pp 130–135
Hlozanek I (1970) The influence of ultraviolet-inactivated Sendai virus on Marek’s disease virus infection in tissue culture. J Gen Virol 9:45–50
Hudson L, Payne LN (1973) An analysis of the T and B cells of Marek’s disease lymphomas of the chicken. Nature (New Biol) 241:52–53
Ichijo K, Fujimoto Y, Okada K (1981) Ultrastructural study of experimental allergic neuritis in the chicken. Zbl Vet Med B 28:210–225
Ikuta K, Kitamoto N, Shoji H, Kato S (1981a) Hanganutziu and Deicher type heterophile antigen expressed on the cell surface of Marek’s disease lymphoma-derived cell lines. Biken J 24:23–37
Ikuta K, Kitamoto N, Shoji H, Kato S, Naiki M (1981b) Expression of Forssman antigen of avian lymphoblastoid cell lines transformed by Marek’s disease virus or avian leukosis virus. J Gen Virol 52:145–151
Jakowski RM, Fredrickson TN, Chomiak TW, Luginbuhl RE (1970) Hematopoietic destruction in Marek’s disease. Avian Dis 14:374–385
Jeurissen SHM, Janse EM, Wagenaar F, deBoer GF (1992) The role of splenic ellipsoid-associated reticulum cells in the pathogenesis of Marek’s disease. In: de Boer GF, Jeurissen SHM (eds) 4th Intl Symp Marek’s Disease. Ponsen & Looijen, Wageningen, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp 211–215
Jones D, Lee L, Liu JL, Kung HJ, Tillotson JK (1992) Marek’s disease virus encodes a basic-leucine zipper gene resembling the fos/jun oncogenes that is highly expressed in lymphoblastoid tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:4042–4046
Jungherr EL, Hughes WF (1965) The avian leukosis complex. In: Biester H, Schwarte L (eds) Diseases of Poultry. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, pp 512–567
Kaleta EF, Neumann U (1977) Untersuchungen zum Ubertragungsmechanismus des Puten-Herpesvirus in vitro. Avian Pathol 6:33–39
Kaul L, Pradhan HK (1991) Immunopathology of Marek’s disease in quails: presence of antinuclear antibody and immune complex. Vet Immunol and Immunopathol 28:89–96
Kawamura M, Hayashi M, Furuichi T, Nonoyama M, Isogai E, Namioka S (1991) The inhibitory effects of oligonucleotides, complementary to Marek’s Disease virus mRNA transcribed from the BamHI-H region, on the proliferation of transformed lymphoblastoid cells, MDCC-MSB1. J Gen Virol 72:1105–1111
Kenzy SG, Cho BR, Kim Y (1973) Oncogenic Marek’s disease herpesvirus in avian encephalitis (temporary paralysis). J Natl Cancer Inst 51:977–982
Kornegay JN, Gorgacz EJ, Parker MA, Brown J, Schierman LW (1983a) Marek’s disease virus-induced transient paralysis: clinical and electrophysiologic findings in susceptible and resistant lines of chickens. Am J Vet Res 44:1541–1544
Kornegay JN, Gorgacz EJ, Parker MA, Duncan JR, Schierman LW (1983b) Marek’s disease virus-induced transient paralysis: a comparison of lesions in susceptible and resistant lines of chickens. Acta Neuropathol 61:263–269
Kross I (1996) Isolation of highly lytic serotype 1 Marek’s disease virus from recent field outbreaks in Europe. In: Silva RF, Cheng HH, Coussens PM, Lee LF, Velicer LF (eds) Current Research on Marek’s Disease. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennett Square, PA, pp 113–118
Lampert PW, Garrett R, Powell H (1977) Demyelination in allergic and Marek’s disease virus induced neuritis. Comparative electron microscopic studies. Acta Neuropathol 40:103–110
Lawn AM, Payne LN (1979) Chronological study of ultrastructural changes in the peripheral nerves in Marek’s disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 5:485–497
Lawn AM, Watson JS (1982) Ultrastructure of the central nervous system in Marek’s disease and the effect of route of infection on lesion incidence in the central nervous system. Avian Pathol 11:213–225
Lee LF, Bacon LD (1983) Ontogeny and line differences in the mitogenic response of chicken lympho-cytes. Poult Sci 62:579–584
Lee LF, Sharma JM, Nazerian K, Witter RL (1978) Suppression of mitogen-induced proliferation of normal spleen cells by macrophages from chickens inoculated with Marek’s disease virus. J Immunol 120:1554–1559
Lee LF, Powell PC, Rennie M, Ross LJN, Payne LN (1981) Nature of genetic resistance to Marek’s disease in chickens. J Natl Cancer Inst 66:789–796
Lee S-I, Ohashi K, Morimura T, Sugimoto C, Onuma M (1999) Re-isolation of Marek’s disease virus from T cell subsets of vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens. Arch Virol 144:45–54
Li DS, Pastorek J, Zelnek V, Smith GD, Ross LJN (1994) Identification of novel transcripts comple-mentary to the Marek’s disease virus homologue of the ICP4 gene of herpes simplex virus. J Gen Virol 75:1713–1722
Lin JA, Kodama H, Onuma M, Mikami T (1991) The early pathogenesis in chickens inoculated with non-pathogenic serotype 2 Marek’s disease virus. J Vet Med Sci 53:269–273
Maotani K, Kanamori A, Ikuta K, Ueda S, Kato S, Hirai K (1986) Amplification of a tandem direct repeat within inverted repeats of Marek’s disease virus DNA during serial in vitro passage. J Virol 58:657–660
Marek J (1907) Multiple Nervenentzuendung (Polyneuritis) bei Huehnern. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 15:417–421
Matsuda H, Ikuta K, Kato S (1976) Detection of T-cell surface determinants in three Marek’s disease lymphoblastoid cell lines. Biken J 19:29–32
McColl K, Calnek BW, Harris WV, Schat KA, Lee LF (1987) Expression of a putative tumor-associated antigen on normal versus Marek’s disease virus-transformed lymphocytes. J Natl Cancer Inst 79:991–100
McKie EA, Ubukata E, Hasegawa S, Zhang S, Nonoyama M, Tanaka A (1995) The transcripts from the sequences flanking the short component of Marek’s disease virus during latent infection form a unique family of 3’-coterminal RNAs. J Virol 69:1310–1314
Minick CR, Fabricant CG, Fabricant J, Litrenta MM (1979) Atheroarteriosclerosis induced by infection with a herpesvirus. Am J Pathol 96:673–706
Moore FR, Schat KA, Hutchison N, LeCiel C, Bloom SE (1993) Consistent chromosomal aberration in cell lines transformed with Marek’s disease herpesvirus: evidence for genomic DNA amplification. Int J Cancer 54:685–692
Moore FR, Calnek BW, Bloom SE (1994) Cytogenetic studies of cell lines derived from Marek’s disease virus-induced local lesions. Avian Dis 38:797–779
Morimura T, Hattori M, Ohashi K, Sugimoto C, Onuma M (1995) Immunomodulation of peripheral T cells in chickens infected with Marek’s disease virus: involvement in immunosuppression. J Gen Virol 76:2979–2985
Morimura T, Ohashi K, Kon Y, Hattori M, Sugimoto C, Onuma M (1996) Apoptosis and CD8-down regulation in the thymus of chickens infected with Marek’s disease virus. Archiv Virol 141:2243–2249
Morimura T, Ohashi K, Sugimoto C, Onuma M (1998) Pathogenesis of Marek’s disease (MD) and possible mechanisms of immunity induced by MD vaccine. J Vet Med Sci 60:1–8
Murthy KK, Calnek BW (1979) Pathogenesis of Marek’s disease: effect of immunization with inactivated viral and tumor-associated antigens. Infect Immun 26:547 555
Nazerian K (1979) Marek’s disease lymphoma of chicken and its causative herpesvirus. Biochim Biophys Acta 560:375–395
Nazerian K, Sharma JM (1975) Brief communication: detection of T-cell surface antigens in a Marek’s disease lymphoblastoid cell line. J Natl Cancer Inst 54:277–279
Nazerian K, Sharma JM (1985) Pathogenesis of Marek’s disease in turkeys. In: Calnek BW, Spencer JL (eds) Proc Int Symp Marek’s Dis American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennett Square, PA, pp 262–267
Nazerian K, Stephens EA, Sharma JM, Lee LF, Gailitis M, Witter RL (1977) A nonproducer T lymphoblastoid cell line from Marek’s disease transplantable tumor (JMV). Avian Dis 21:69–76
Nazerian K, Lee LF, Yanagida N, Ogawa R (1992) Protection against Marek’s disease by a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the glycoprotein B of Marek’s disease virus. J Virol 66:1409–1413
Ohashi K, Zhou W, O’Connell PH, Schat KA (1994) Characterization, of a Marek’s disease virus BamHI-L-specific cDNA clone obtained from a Marek’s disease lymphoblastoid cell line. J Virol 68:1191–1195
Okada K, Tanaka Y, Murakami K, Chiba S, Morimura T, Hattori M, Goryo M, Onuma M (1997) Phenotype analysis of lymphoid cells in Marek’s disease of CD4+ or CD8 + T-cell-deficient chickens:occurrence of double negative T-cell tumour. Avian Pathol 26:525–534
Omar AR, Schat KA (1996) Syngeneic Marek’s disease virus (MDV)-specific cell-mediated immune responses against immediate early, late, and unique MDV proteins. Virology 222:87–99
Omar AR, Schat KA (1997) Characterization of Marek’s disease herpesvirus (MDV)-specific cytotoxic Tlymphocytes in chickens inoculated with a nononcogenic vaccine strain of MDV. Immunology 90:579–595
Omar AR, Schat KA, Lee LF, Hunt HD (1998) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in chickens immunized with a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing Marek’s disease herpesvirus glycoprotein B. Vet Im-munol Immunopathol 62:73–82
Pappenheimer AM, Dunn LC, Cone V (1926) A study of fowl paralysis (neuro-lymphomatosis gallinarum). Storrs Agric Exp Stn Bull 143:187–290
Pappenheimer AM, Dunn LC, Cone VA (1929) Studies on fowl paralysis (neuro-lymphomatosis gallinarum). I. Clinical features and pathology. J Exp Med 49:63–86
Parker MA, Schierman LW (1983) Suppression of humoral immunity in chickens prevents transient paralysis caused by a herpesvirus. J Immunol 130:2000–2001
Paterson JC, Cottral GE (1950) Experimental coronary sclerosis. III: Lymphomatosis as a cause of coronary sclerosis in chickens. Acta Pathol 49:699–709
Payne LN (1972) Pathogenesis of Marek’s disease A review. In: Biggs PM, de Thé G, Payne LN (eds) Oncogenesis and Herpesviruses. IARC, Lyon, France, pp 21–37
Payne LN (1979) Marek’s disease in comparative medicine. J Royal Soc Med 72:635–638
Payne LN, Biggs PM (1967) Studies on Marek’s disease. II. Pathogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 39:281–302
Payne LN, Rennie M (1973) Pathogenesis of Marek’s disease in chicks with and without maternal antibody. J Natl Cancer Inst 51:1559–1573
Payne LN, Rennie M (1976) Sequential changes in the numbers of B and T lymphocytes and other leukocytes in the blood in Marek’s disease. Int J Cancer 18:510–520
Payne LN, Roszkowski J (1973) The presence of immunologically uncommitted bursa and thymus dependent lymphoid cells in the lymphomas of Marek’s disease. Avian Pathol 1:27–34
Payne LN, Powell PC, Rennie M (1974) Response of B and T lymphocytes and other blood leukocytes in chickens with Marek’s disease. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 39:817–826
Payne LN, Frazier JA, Powell PC (1976) Pathogenesis of Marek’s disease. Int Rev Exp Pathol 16:59–154
Peng Q, Bradley G, Tanaka A, Lancz G, Nonoyama M (1992) Isolation and characterization of cDNAs from Bam:HI-H family RNAs associated with the tumorigenicity of Marek’s disease virus. J Virol 66:7389–7396
Pepose JS, Stevens JG, Cook ML, Lampert PW (1981) Marek’s disease as a model for the Landry-Guillain-Barré Syndrome: latent viral infection in nonneuronal cells is accompanied by specific immune responses to peripheral nerve and myelin. Am J Pathol 103:309–332
Petek M, Dovadola E (1970) Local tumours produced by NDV-inactivated adjuvant vaccine in Marek’s disease affected birds. In: Avian Leukosis and Marek’s Disease Symposium. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria, pp 243–245
Phillips PA, Biggs PM (1972) Course of infection in tissues of susceptible chickens after exposure to strains of Marek’s disease virus and turkey herpesvirus. J Natl Cancer Inst 49:1367–1137
Powell PC, Davison TF (1986) Induction of Marek’s disease in vaccinated chickens by treatment with betamethasone or corticosterone. Isr J Vet Med 42:73–78
Powell PC, Rennie M (1984) The expression of Marek’s disease tumor-associated surface antigen in various avian species. Avian Pathol 13:345–349
Powell PC, Payne LN, Frazier JA, Rennie M (1974) T lymphoblastoid cell lines from Marek’s disease lymphomas. Nature 251:79–80
Powell PC, Lee LF, Mustill BM, Rennie M (1982) The mechanism of genetic resistance to Marek’s disease in chickens. Int J Cancer 29:169–174
Powell PC, Hartley KJ, Mustill BM, Rennie M (1983) The occurrence of chicken foetal antigen after infection with Marek’s disease virus in three strains of chicken. Oncodev Biol Med 4:261–271
Powell PC, Howes K, Lawn AM, Mustill BM, Payne LN, Rennie M, Thompson MA (1984) Marek’s disease in turkeys: the induction of lesions and the establishment of lymphoid cell lines. Avian Pathol 13:201–214
Pradhan HK, Mohanty GC, Lee WY, Kaul L, Kataria JM (1988) Immune complex-mediated glomerulopathy in Marek’s disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 19:165–171
Purchase HG (1970) Virus-specific immunofluorescent and precipitin antigens and cell-free virus in tissues of birds infected with Marek’s disease. Cancer Res 30:1898–1908
Purchase HG (1972) Recent advances in the knowledge of Marek’s disease. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 16:223–258
Ross LJN, Powell PC, Walker DJ, Rennie M, Payne LN (1977) Expression of virus-specific, thymus-specific and tumor-specific antigens in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from Marek’s disease lymphomas. J Gen Virol 35:219–235
Ross N, O’Sullivan G, Rothwell C, Smith G, Burgess SC, Rennnie M, Lee LF, Davison TF (1997) Marek’s disease virus EcoRI-Q gene (meq) and a small RNA antisense to ICP4 are abundantlyn expressed in CD4+ cells and cells carrying a novel lymphoid marker, AV37, in Marek’s disease lymphomas. J Gen Virol 78:2191–2198
Schat KA (1987) Marek’s disease: a model for protection against herpesvirus-induced tumours. Cancer Surveys 6:1–37
Schat KA (1996) Immunity to Marek’s disease, lymphoid leukosis and reticuloendotheliosis. In:Davison F, Payne LN, Morris TR (eds) Poultry Immunology. Carfax Publishing Company, Abingdon, England, pp 209–223
Schat KA, Calnek BW (1978) Characterization of an apparently nononcogenic Marek’s disease virus. J Natl Cancer Inst 60:1075–1082
Schat KA, Schultz RD, Calnek BW (1978) Marek’s disease: effect of virus pathogenicity and genetic susceptibility on responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to concanavalin-A. In: Bentvelzen P, Hilgers J, Yohn DS (eds) Advances in Comparative Leukemia Research. Elsevier, Amsterdam,pp 183–185
Schat KA, Calnek BW, Fabricant J (1981a) Influence of oncogenicity of Marek’s disease virus on evaluation of genetic resistance. Poult Sci 60:2559–2566
Schat KA, Calnek BW, Fabricant J (1981b) Influence of the bursa of Fabricius on the pathogenesis of Marek’s disease. Infect Immun 31:199–207
Schat KA, Chen C-LH, Shek WR, Calnek BW (1982a) Surface antigens on Marek’s disease lympho-blastoid tumor cell lines. J Natl Cancer Inst 69:715–720
Schat KA, Calnek BW, Fabricant J (1982b) Characterisation of two highly oncogenic strains of Marek’s disease virus. Avian Pathol 11:593–605
Schat KA, Calnek BW, Fabricant J, Graham DL (1985) Pathogenesis of infection with attenuated Marek’s disease virus strains. Avian Pathol 14:127–146
Schat KA, Chen C-LH, Lillehoj H, Calnek BW, Weinstock D (1989) Characterization of Marek’s disease cell lines with monoclonal antibodies specific for cytotoxic and helper T cells. In: Kato S, Horiuchi T,Mikami T, Hirai K (eds) Advances in Marek’s Disease Research. Japanese Association on Marek’sDisease, Osaka, Japan, pp 220–226
Schat KA, Chen C-LH, Calnek BW, Char D (1991) Transformation of T-lymphocyte subsets by Marek’s disease herpesvirus. J Virol 65:1408–1413
Schierman LW, Fletcher OJ (1980) Genetic control of Marek’s disease virus-induced transient paralysis:association with the major histocompatibility complex. In: Biggs PM (ed) Resistance and Immunity to Marek’s Disease. Commission European Communities, Luxembourg, pp 429–442
Settnes OP (1982) Marek’s disease A common naturally herpesvirus-induced lymphoma of the chicken. Nord Veterinaermed Suppl: 11–132
Sharma JM (1976) Natural resistance to Marek’s disease at hatching in chickens lacking maternal antibody, and relationship between this early resistance and resistance acquired with age. Avian Dis 20:311–323
Sharma JM (1981) Natural killer cell activity in chickens exposed to Marek’s disease virus: inhibition of activity in susceptible chickens and enhancement of activity in resistant and susceptible chickens. Avian Dis 25:882–893
Sharma JM, Purchase HG (1974) Replication of Marek’s disease virus in cell cultures derived from genetically resistant chickens. Infect Immun 9:1092–1097
Sharma JM, Witter RL, Burmester BR (1973) Pathogenesis of Marek’s disease in old chickens: lesion regression as the basis for age-related resistance. Infect Immun 81:715–724
Sharma JM, Witter RL, Purchase HG (1975) Absence of age-resistance in neonatally thymectomised chickens as evidence for cell-mediated immune surveillance in Marek’s disease. Nature 253:477–479
Shearman PJ, Longenecker BM (1981) Clonal variation and functional correlation of organ-specific metastasis and an organ-specific metastasis-associated antigen. Int J Cancer 27:387–395
Shek WR, Schat KA, Calnek BW (1982) Characterization of nononcogenic Marek’s disease virus-infected and turkey herpesvirus infected lymphocytes. J Gen Virol 63:333–341
Shek WR, Calnek BW, Schat KA, Chen C-LH (1983) Characterization of Marek’s disease virus-infected lymphocytes: discrimination between cytolytically and latently infected cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 70:485–491
Smith MW, Calnek BW (1974) Comparative features of low-virulence and high-virulence Marek’s disease virus infections. Avian Pathol 4:229–246
Smith TW, Albert DM, Robinson N, Calnek BW, Schwabe O (1974) Ocular manifestations of Marek’s disease. Invest Ophthalmol 13:586–592
Spencer JL (1970) Marek’s disease herpesvirus: comparison of foci (macro) in infected duck embryo fibroblasts under agar medium with foci (micro) in chicken cells. Avian Dis 14:565–578
Spencer JL, Calnek BW (1970) Marek’s disease: application of immunofluorescence for detection of antigen and antibody. Am J Vet Res 31:345–358
Spencer JL, Robertson A (1972) Influence of maternal antibody on infection with virulent or attenuated Marek’s disease herpesvirus. Am J Vet Res 33:393–400
Spencer JL, Gilka F, Gavora JS, Hampson RJ, Caldwell DJ (1992) Studies with a Marek’s disease virus that caused blindness and high mortality in vaccinated flocks. In: de Boer G, Jeurissen SHM (eds) Proc 4th Int Symp Marek’s Dis Ponsen & Looijen, Wageningen, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp 199–201
Swayne DE, Fletcher OJ, Schierman LW (1988) Marek’s disease virus-induced transient paralysis in chickens: alterations in brain density. Acta Neuropathol 76:287–291
Swayne DE, Fletcher OJ, Schierman LW (1989a) Marek’s disease virus-induced transient paralysis in chickens: demonstration of vasogenic brain oedema by an immunohistochemical method. J Comp Path 101:451–462
Swayne DE, Fletcher OJ, Schierman LW (1989b) Marek’s disease virus-induced transient paralysis in chickens. 1. Time course association between clinical signs and histological brain lesions. Avian Pathol 18:385–396
Swayne DE, Fletcher OJ, Schierman LW (1989c) Marek’s disease virus-induced transient paralysis in chickens. 2. Ultrastructure of central nervous system. Avian Pathol 18:397–412
Ubertini T, Calnek BW (1970) Marek’s disease herpesvirus in peripheral nerve lesions. J Natl Cancer Inst 45:507–514
Venugopal K, Payne LN (1995) Molecular pathogenesis of Marek’s disease Recent developments. Avian Pathol 24:597–609
Venugopal K, Bland AP, Ross LJN, Payne LN (1996) Pathogenicity of an unusual highly virulent Marek’s disease virus isolated in the United Kingdom. In: Silva RF, Cheng HH, Coussens PM, Lee LF, Velicer LF (eds) Current Research on Marek’s Disease. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennett Square, PA, pp 119–124
Volpini LM, Calnek BW, Sekellick MJ, Marcus PI (1995) Stages of Marek’s disease virus latency defined by variable sensitivity to interferon modulation of viral antigen expression. Vet Microbiol 47:99–109
Volpini LM, Calnek BW, Sneath B, Sekellick MJ, Marcus PI (1996) Interferon modulation of Marek’s disease virus genome expression in chicken cell lines. Avian Dis 40:78–87
Wight PAL (1968) The histopathology of transient paralysis of the domestic fowl. Vet Rec 82:749–755
Witter RL (1996) Evolution of virulence of Marek’s disease virus: evidence for a novel pathotype. In:Silva RF, Cheng HH, Coussens PM, Lee LF, Velicer LF (eds) Current Research on Marek’s Disease. American Association of Avian Pathologists, Kennett Square, PA, pp 86–91
Witter RL (1997) Increased virulence of Marek’s disease virus field isolates. Avian Dis 41:149–163
Witter RL (1998) The changing landscape of Marek’s disease. Avian Pathol 27:s46–s53
Witter RL, Nazerian K, Purchase HG, Burgoyne GH (1970) Isolation from turkeys of a cell-associated herpesvirus antigenically related to Marek’s disease virus. Am J Vet Res 31:525–538
Witter RL, Solomon JJ, Champion LR, Nazerian K (1971) Long term studies of Marek’s disease infection in individual chickens. Avian Dis 15:346–365
Witter RL, Sharma JM, Solomon JJ, Champion LR (1973) An age-related resistance of chickens to Marek’s disease: some preliminary observations. Avian Pathol 2:43–54
Witter RL, Stephens EA, Sharma JM, Nazerian K (1975) Demonstration of a tumor-associated surface antigen in Marek’s disease. J Immunol 115:177–183
Witter RL, Sharma JM, Fadly AM (1980) Pathogenicity of variant Marek’s disease virus isolants in vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens. Avian Dis 24:210–232
Witter RL, Gimeno IM, Reed WM, Bacon LD (1999) An acute form of transient paralysis induced by highly virulent strains of Marek’s disease virus. Avian Dis 43:704–720
Xie Q, Anderson AS, Morgan RW (1996) Marek’s disease virus (MDV) ICP4, pp38, and meq genes are involved in the maintenance of transformation of MDCC-MSB1 MDV-transformed lymphoblastoid cells. J Virol 70:1125–1131
Xing Z, Schat KA (2000) Inhibitory effects of nitric oxide and interferon-gamma on the in vitro and in vivo replication of Marek’s disease virus. J Virol (in press)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Calnek, B.W. (2001). Pathogenesis of Marek’s Disease Virus Infection. In: Hirai, K. (eds) Marek’s Disease. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 255. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56863-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56863-3_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-63217-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-56863-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive