Abstract
For more than a century, the ability to sense endotoxin (later known also as lipopolysaccharide; LPS) stood as the archetypal innate immune response: even before the phrase ‘innate immunity’ became popular. Yet the mechanism by which LPS initiated a signal remained unknown. The problem was solved in 1998 by positional cloning, which revealed that Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, one of ten mammalian paralogues with homology to theDrosophila protein Toll, is the central component of the LPS receptor. During the 3 years that followed, gene knockout work supported the view that the TLRs perceive a number of indispensable molecular structures shared by diverse representatives of the microbial world. The highly specific LPS-sensing function of TLR4 is remarkable for its prevalence inMammalia, which to the present time is the only class of the phylumChordata known to have a gene encoding TLR4, and known to display exquisite sensitivity to LPS. The fact that LPS signals are elicited through a single biochemical pathway has raised important pharmacotherapeutic opportunities as well.
Keywords
- Horseshoe Crab
- Francisella Tularensis
- Innate Immune Receptor
- Live Vaccine Strain
- Auditory Brain Stem Response
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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Beutler, B. (2002). TLR4 as the Mammalian Endotoxin Sensor. In: Beutler, B., Wagner, H. (eds) Toll-Like Receptor Family Members and Their Ligands. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 270. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59430-4_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59430-4_7
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