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Primary central nervous system lymphomas—an update

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Summary

Primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSL), until recently representing about 1% of all brain tumors, show dramatically increased incidence both in high-risk groups (immunocompromised, AIDS) and in the general population. They are extranodal diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, the morphology and classification of which are identical to those of systemic lymphomas, although PCNSL show different biological behavior and diagnosis according to the New Working Formulation and updated Kiel classification may be difficult. The majority are large B cell variants of high-grade malignancy; lowgrade subtypes and T cell lymphomas are rare. Sixty per cent occur in the supratentorial space (hemispheres, periventricular) and 12% in the posterior fossa; 30% are multiple (50%–70% in AIDS). PCNSL show a male preponderance with a peak incidence in the 5th–7th decade (3rd–4th in AIDS). The duration of diffuse or focal clinical symptoms averages 1–2 months. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans show single or multiple or diffuse, often typical lesions. Diagnosis is achieved by evaluation of stereotactic biopsy material or cerebrospinal fluid cytology using immunocytological markers. Current therapy in immunocompetent patients, radiation plus corticosteroids and pre- or postradiation polychemotherapy, shows response rates of 85% with a median survival of 17–44 months, a prognosis similar to that for glioblastoma. Meningeal PCNSL is treated with intrathecal methotrexate or cytosine arabinoside. Transliquoral seeding of PCNSL is frequent, distant metastases occurring in 6%–8%. Therapy of AIDS-related PCNSL makes use of radiation and corticosteroids, and rarely of chemotherapy. The pathogenesis of PCNSL is unknown, but Epstein-Barr virus may be a contributory factor.

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Abbreviations

NHL:

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

PCNSL:

primary central nervous system lymphoma

AIDS:

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

EBV:

Epstein-Barr virus

NWF:

New Working Formulation (classification system of the National Cancer Institute)

HIV:

human immunodeficiency virus

CT:

computed tomography

WBRT:

whole-brain radiotherapy

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. L. Boltzmann Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Lainz Hospital, Wolkersbergenstrasse 1, A-1130, Vienna, Austria

    Kurt A. Jellinger

  2. Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), University of Würzburg School of Medicine, Würzburg, Germany

    Werner Paulus

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  1. Kurt A. Jellinger
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The “Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology” publishes in loose succession “Editorials” and “Guest editorials” on current and/or controversial problems in experimental and clinical oncology. These contributions represent exclusively the personal opinion of the author

Updated special lecture at the 15th, International Cancer Congress UIIC, August 1990

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Jellinger, K.A., Paulus, W. Primary central nervous system lymphomas—an update. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 119, 7–27 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01209483

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