Skip to main content
Log in

Respiratory syncytial virus

  • Brief Review
  • Published:
Archives of Virology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Conclusion

The battle against RSV has been long and littered with setbacks and disappointments. Improvements in the management of infant bronchiolitis and pneumonia have reduced mortality but the virus remains a major cause of serious, distressing and, occasionally fatal, disease in the very young. Painstaking work in many hospitals and laboratories has built up a detailed picture of the virus and its epidemiology but its pathogenesis and prevention remain enigmatic. The stage is now set for dramatic advances against this important disease of man and animals in which the powerful new techniques in immunology and biotechnology must be the principal players.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ada, G. L., Leung, K.-N., Ertl, H.: An analysis of effector T cell generation and function in mice exposed to influenza A or Sendai viruses. Immunol. Rev.58, 5–24 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Aherne, W., Bird, T., Court, S. D. M., Gardner, P. S., McQuillin, J.: Pathological changes in virus infections of the lower respiratory tract in children. J. Clin. Path.23, 7–18 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ana, P. P., Arrobio, J. O., Kim, H. W., Brandt, C. D., Chanock, R. M., Parrott, R. H.: Serum complement in acute bronchiolitis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.134, 499–503 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Armstrong, J. A., Pereira, H. G., Valentine, R. C.: Morphology and development of respiratory syncytial virus in cell cultures. Nature196, 1179–1181 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bächi, T., Howe, C.: Morphogenesis and ultrastructure of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Virol.12, 1173–1180 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Baldridge, P., Senterfit, L. B.: Persistent infection of cells in culture by respiratory syncytial virus. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med.151, 684–688 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bancroft, G. J., Shellam, G. R., Chalmer, J. E.: Genetic influences on the augmentation of natural killer (NK) cells during murine cytomegalovirus infection: correlation with patterns of resistance. J. Immunol.126, 988–994 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Beem, M.: Repeated infections with respiratory syncytial virus. J. Immunol.98, 1115–1122 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Beem, M., Wright, F. H., Hamre, D., Egerer, R., Oehme, M.: Association of the chimpanzee coryza agent with acute respiratory disease in children. New Eng. J. Med.263, 523–530 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bell, D. M., Roberts, N. J., Hall, C. B.: Different antiviral spectra of human macrophage interferon activities. Nature305, 319–321 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Belshe, R. B., Richardson, L. S., London, W. T., Sly, D. L., Lorfeld, J. H., Camargo, E., Prevar, D. A., Chanock, R. M.: Experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection of four species of primates. J. Med. Virol.1, 157–162 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Belshe, R. B., Richardson, L. S., London, W. T., Sly, D. L., Camargo, E., Prevar, D. A., Chanock, R. M.: Evaluation of five temperature sensitive mutants of respiratory syncytial virus in primates: II. Genetic analysis of virus recovered during infection. J. Med. Virol.3, 101–110 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Belshe, R. B., Richardson, L. S., Prevar, D. A., Camargo, E., Chanock, R. M.: Growth and genetic stability of 4 temperature sensitive (ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus in newborn ferrets. Arch. Virol.58, 313–321 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Belshe, R. B., van Voris, L. P., Mufson, M. A.: Parenteral administration of live respiratory syncytial virus vaccine: Results of a field trial. J. inf. Dis.145, 311–319 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Belshe, R. B., van Voris, L. P., Mufson, M. A., Buynak, E. B., McLean, A. A., Hilleman, M. A.: Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralization techniques for measurement of antibody to respiratory syncytial virus: Implications for parenteral immunization with live virus vaccine. Infect. Immun.37, 160–165 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bennett, C. R., Hamre, D.: Growth and serological characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus. J. inf. Dis.110, 8–16 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Berglund, B., Kortekangas, A. E., Lauren, P.: Experimental inoculation of guinea pigs middle ear with respiratory syncytial virus. Acta Otolaryngol. (Stockh.)224 (suppl.), 268–271 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bernstein, J. M., Hruska, J. F.: Respiratory syncytial virus proteins identification by immunoprecipitation. J. Virol.38, 278–285 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Berthiaume, L., Joncas, J., Boulay, G., Pavilanis, V.: Serological evidence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in sheep. Vet. Rec.93, 337–338 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Berthiaume, L., Joncas, J., Pavilanis, V.: Comparative structure, morphogenesis and biological characteristics of the respiratory syncytial (RS) virus and the pneumonia virus of mice. Arch. ges. Virusforsch.45, 39–51 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bertotto, A., Stagni, G., Caprino, D., Sonaglia, F., Velardi, A.: Cell-mediated immunity in RSV bronchiolitis. J. Pediat.97, 334–335 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Biron, C. A., Welsh, R. M.: Activation and roll of natural killer cells in virus infection. Med. Microbiol. Immunol.170, 155–172 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bloth, B., Norrby, E.: Fractionation of respiratory syncytial virus components by centrifugation techniques. Arch. ges. Virusforsch.19, 385–392 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Brandt, C. D., Kim, H. W., Arrobio, J. O., Jeffries, B. C., Wood, S. C., Chanock, R. M., Parrott, R. H.: Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection in Washington, D.C. III. Composite analysis of eleven consecutive yearly epidemics. Am. J. Epidem.98, 355–364 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Brandt, C. D., Parrott, R. H., Patrick, J. R., Kim, H. W., Arrobio, J. O., Chandre, R., Jeffries, B. C., Chanock, R. M.: Epidemiology-sids and viral respiratory disease in metropolitan Washington, D.C. In:Robinson, R. R. (ed.), S.I.D.S. Proceedings of the Francis E. Camps International Symposium on Sudden and Unexpected Death in Infancy, 117–129. Canadian Foundation for the Study of Infant Death. 1974.

  26. Bruhn, F. W., Yeager, A. S.: Respiratory syncytial virus in early infancy. Circulating antibody and the severity of infection. Am. J. Dis. Child.131, 145–148 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Bryson, D. G., McNulty, M. S., Logan, E. F., Cush, P. F.: Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in young calves: Clinical and pathologic findings. Am. J. Vet. Res.44, 1648–1655 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Bui, H. D., Imagawa, D. T., Heiner, D. C., St. Geme, J. W., Wright, P. F., Karzon, D. T.: A novel pathogenetic concept of wheezing in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. Clin. Res.30, 128 A (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Buynak, E. B., Weibel, R. E., Carlson, A. J., McLean, A. A., Hilleman, M. R.: Further investigations of live respiratory syncytial virus vaccine administered parenterally. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med.160, 272–277 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Buynak, E. B., Weibel, R. E., McLean, A. A., Hilleman, M. R.: Live respiratory syncytial virus vaccine administered parenterally. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med.157, 636–642 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Carfrae, D. C., Bell, E. J., Grist, N. R.: Fatal haemorrhagic pneumonia in an adult due to respiratory syncytial virus andStaphylococcus aureus. J. Infect.4, 79–80 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Casali, P., Oldstone, M. B. A.: Mechanisms of killing of measles virus-infected cells by human lymphocytes: Interferon associated and unassociated cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cell Immunol.70, 330–344 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Casali, P., Sissons, J. G., Buchmeier, M. J., Oldstone, M. B. A.:In vitro generation of human cytotoxic lymphocytes by virus. Virol glycoproteins induce nonspecific cell-mediated cytotoxicity without release of interferon. J. Exp. Med.154, 840–855 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  34. Cash, P., Pringle, C. R., Preston, C. M.: The polypeptides of human respiratory syncytial virus: products of cell-free protein synthesis and post-translational modifications. Virology92, 375–384 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Cash, P., Wunner, W. H., Pringle, C. R.: A comparison of the polypeptides of human and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses and murine pneumonia virus. Virology82, 369–379 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Cavallaro, J. J., Maassab, H. F.: Adaptation of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus to brain of suckling mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.121, 37–41 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Cavallaro, J. J., Maassab, H. F., Abrams, G. D.: An immunofluorescent and histopathological study of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus encephalitis in suckling mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.124, 1059–1064 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Chanock, R. M., Finberg, L.: Recovery from infants with respiratory illness of a virus related to chimpanzee coryza agent (CCA). II. Epidemiologic aspects of infection in infants and young children. Amer. J. Hyg.66, 291–300 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Chanock, R. M., Kapikian, A. Z., Mills, J., Kim, H. W., Parrott, R. H.: Influence of immunological factors in respiratory syncytial virus disease. Arch. Environ. Hlth.21, 347–355 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Chanock, R. M., Kim, H. W., Brandt, C. Parrott, R. H.: Respiratory syncytial virus. In:Evans, A. S. (ed.), Viral Infections of Humans. Epidemiology and Control, 365–382. Plenum. 1976.

  41. Chanock, R. M., Parrott, R. H.: Acute respiratory disease in infancy and childhood: present understanding and prospects for prevention. Pediat.36, 21–39 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Chanock, R. M., Roizman, B., Myers, R.: Recovery from infants with respiratory illness of a virus related to chimpanzee coryza agent (CCA). I. Isolation, properties and characterisation. Amer. J. Hyg.66, 281–290 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Chapes, K. S., Tompkins, W. F.: Cytotoxic macrophages induced in hamsters by vaccinia virus: selective cytotoxicity for virus-infected targets by macrophages collected late after immunization. J. Immunol.123, 303–310 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Chin, J., Magoffin, R. L., Shearer, L. A., Schieble, J. H., Lennette, E. H.: Field evaluation of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine and a trivalent parainfluenza virus vaccine in a pediatric population. Amer. J. Epid.89, 449–463 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Coates, H. W., Alling, D. W., Chanock, R. M.: An antigenic analysis of respiratory syncytial virus isolation by a plaque reduction neutralisation test. Amer. J. Epid.83, 299–313 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Coates, H. V., Chanock, R. M.: Experimental infection with respiratory syncytial virus in several species of animals. Am. J. Hyg.76, 302–312 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Coates, H. V., Forsyth, B. R., Chanock, R. M.: Biophysical studies of respiratory syncytial virus. I. Density of respiratory syncytial virus and associated complement-fixing antigens in a caesium chloride density gradient. J. Bact.91, 1263–1269 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Coates, H. V., Kendrick, L., Chanock, R. M.: Antigenic differences between two strains of respiratory syncytial virus. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med.112, 958–964 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Collier, A. M., Clyde, W. A.: Model systems for studying the pathogenesis of infections causing bronchiolitis in man. Pediat. Res.11, 243–246 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Collins, P. L., Huang, Y. T., Wertz, G. W.: Identification of a tenth mRNA of respiratory syncytial virus and assignment of polypeptides to the 10 viral genes. J. Virol.49, 572–578 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Communicable Disease Service Centre: Respiratory syncytial virus activity in the United Kingdom, 1979. J. Infect.2, 93–97 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Cooney, M. K., Fox, J. P., Hall, C. E.: The Seattle virus watch. VI. Observations of infections with and illness due to parainfluenza, mumps and respiratory syncytial viruses andMycoplasma pneumoniae. Am. J. Epid.101, 532–551 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Corbitt, G.: Interferon and respiratory syncytial virus. Lancet2, 492–493 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Cote, P. J., Fernie, B. F., Ford, E. C., Shih, J. W. K., Gerin, J. L.: Monoclonal antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus: detection of virus neutralization and other antigen-antibody systems using infected human and murine cells. J. Virol. Meth.3, 137–147 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Craft, A. W., Reid, M. M., Gardner, P. S., Jackson, E., Kernahan, J., McQuillin, J., Noble, T. C., Walker, W.: Virus infections in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Arch. Dis. Child.54, 755–759 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Cranage, M. P., Gardner, P. S.: Systemic cell-mediated and antibody responses in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infections. J. Med. Virol.5, 161–170 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Cranage, M. P., Gardner, P. S., McIntosh, K.:In vitro cell-dependent lysis of respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells mediated by antibody from local respiratory secretions. Clin. exp. Immunol.43, 28–35 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  58. Crane, L. R., Kish, J. A., Ratanathorathorn, V., Merline, J. R., Raval, M. F. T.: Fatal syncytial virus pneumonia in a laminar airflow room. J. Am. med. Ass.246, 366–368 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  59. Cutlip, R. C., Lehmkuhl, H. D.: Lesions in lambs experimentally infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Am. J. Vet. Res.40, 1479–1482 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  60. Delforge, J. L., Zygraich, N.: Evaluation clinique d'un vaccin vivant attènué pour l'immunisation des bovins contre le virus respiratoire syncytial. Ann. Méd. Vét.122, 545–554 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  61. Doggett, J. E.: Antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus in human sera from different regions of the world. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org.32, 849–853 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  62. Doggett, J. E., Taylor-Robinson, D.: Serological studies with respiratory syncytial virus. Arch. ges. Virusforsch.15, 601–608 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Doggett, J. E., Taylor-Robinson, D., Gallop, R. G. C.: A study of an inhibitor in bovine serum active against respiratory syncytial virus. Arch. ges. Virusforsch.23, 126–137 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  64. Downham, M. A. P. S., Gardner, P. S., McQuillin, J., Ferris, J. A.: Role of respiratory viruses in childhood mortality. Brit. med. J.1, 235–239 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Downham, M. A. P. S., Scott, R., Sims, D. G., Webb, J. K. G., Gardner, P. S.: Breast-feeding protects against respiratory syncytial virus infections. Brit. Med. J.2, 274–276 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Dreizin, R. S., Vyshnevetskaya, L. O., Bagdamyan, E. E., Yankevich, O. D., Tarasova, L. B., Klenova, A. V.: Study of experimental RS virus infection in cotton rats. Virologic and immunofluorescent studies. Vopr. Virusol.16, 670–676 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Dubovi, E. J.: Analysis of proteins synthesized in respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells. J. Virol.42, 372–378 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Dubovi, E. J., Geratz, J. D., Shaver, S. R., Tidwell, R. R.: Inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus-host cell interactions by mono- and diamidines. Antimicrob. Ag. Chemother.19, 649–656 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Dubovi, E. J., Geratz, J. D., Tidwell, R. R.: Inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus by BIS (5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl) methane. Virology103, 502–504 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Dubovi, E. J., Geratz, J. D., Tidwell, R. R.: Enhancement of respiratory syncytial virus-induced cytopathology by trypsin, thrombin and plasmin. Infect. Immun.40, 351–358 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Elango, N., Venkatesan, S.: Amino acid sequence of human respiratory syncytial virus nucleocapsid protein. Nucleic acids Res.11, 5941–5951 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  72. Ertl, H. C. J.: Adoptive transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivity to sendai virus. I. Induction of two different subsets of T lymphocytes which differ in H-2 restriction as well as in the Lyt phenotype. Cell. Immun.62, 38–49 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Faden, H., Kaul, T. N., Ogra, P. L.: Activation of oxidative and arachidonic acid metabolism in neutrophils by respiratory syncytial virus antibody complexes: possible role in disease. J. Inf. Dis.148, 110–116 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  74. Fernald, G. W., Almond, J. R., Henderson, F. W.: Cellular and humoral immunity in recurrent respiratory syncytial virus infections. Ped. Res.17, 753–758 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  75. Fernie, B. F., Cote, P. J., Gerin, J. L.: Classification of hybridomas to respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med.171, 266–271 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Fernie, B. F., Ford, E. C., Gerin, J. L.: The development of Balb/c cells persistently infected with respiratory syncytial virus: Presence of ribonucleo-protein on the cell surface. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med.167, 83–86 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  77. Fernie, B. F., Gerin, J. L.: The stabilization and purification of respiratory syncytial virus using MgSO4. Virology106, 141–144 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  78. Fernie, B. F., Gerin, J. L.: Immunochemical identification of viral and nonviral proteins of the respiratory syncytial virus virion. Infect. Immun.37, 243–249 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  79. Fishaut, M., Tubergen, D., McIntosh, K.: Cellular response to respiratory viruses with particular reference to children with disorders of cell-mediated immunity. J. Ped.96, 179–186 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  80. Forsyth, B. R.: Identification of respiratory syncytial virus antigens by agar gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med.133, 568–572 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  81. Forsyth, B. R., Coates, H. V., Chanock, R. M.: Biophysical studies of respiratory syncytial virus. II. Identification of two soluble complement-fixing antigens of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Bact.91, 1270–1276 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  82. Frank, A. L., Taber, L. H., Glezen, W. P., Kasel, G. L., Wells, C. R., Paredes, A.: Breast feeding and respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatrics70, 239–245 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  83. Fransen, H., Sterner, G., Forsgren, M.: Acute lower respiratory illness in elderly patients with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Acta Med. Scand.182, 323–330 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  84. Friedewald, W. T., Forsyth, B. R., Smith, C. B., Gharpure, M. A., Chanock, R. M.: Low-temperature-grown RS virus in adult volunteers. J. Amer. med. Ass.204, 690–694 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  85. Fulginiti, V. A., Eller, J. J., Sieber, O. F., Joyner, J. W., Minamitani, M., Meiklejohn, G.: Respiratory virus immunization. I. A field trial of two in-activated respiratory virus vaccines; an aqueous trivalent parainfluenza virus vaccine and an alum-precipitated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. Amer. J. Epid.89, 435–448 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  86. Gardner, P. S., Court, S. D. M., Brocklebank, J. T., Downham, M. A. P. S., Weightman, D.: Virus cross-infection in paediatric wards. Br. med. J.2, 571–575 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  87. Gardner, P. S., McGuckin, R., Beale, A. J., Fernandes, R.: Interferon and respiratory syncytial virus. Lancet1, 574–575 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  88. Gardner, P. S., McQuillin, J.: The coating of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus-infected cells in the respiratory tract by immunoglobulins. J. Med. Virol.2, 165–173 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  89. Gardner, P. S., McQuillin, J., Court, S. D. M.: Speculation on pathogenesis in death from respiratory syncytial virus infection. Br. Med. J.1, 327–330 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  90. Gardner, P. S., Turk, D. C., Aherne, W. A., Bird, T., Holdaway, M. D., Court, S. D. M.: Deaths associated with respiratory tract infection in childhood. Br. Med. J.4, 316–320 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  91. Garvie, D. G., Gray, J.: Outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the elderly. Br. med. J.281, 1253–1254 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  92. Gharpure, M. A., Wright, P. F., Chanock, R. M.: Temperature-sensitive mutants of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Virol.3, 414–421 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  93. Glezen, W. P.: Pathogenesis of bronchiolitis: epidemiologic considerations. Pediat. Res.11, 239–243 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  94. Glezen, W. P., Denny, F. W.: Epidemiology of acute lower respiratory disease in children. New Eng. J. Med.288, 498–505 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  95. Glezen, W. P., Paredes, A., Allison, J. E., Taber, L. H., Frank, A. L.: Risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection for infants from low income families in relationship to age, sex, ethnic group, and maternal antibody level. J. Ped.98, 708–715 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  96. Grist, N. R., Ross, C. A. C., Stott, E. J.: Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and pneumonia in Glasgow 1962–1965. Br. Med. J.1, 456–457 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  97. Hall, C. B.: Prevention of infections with respiratory syncytial virus: The hopes and hurdles ahead. Rev. Inf. Dis.2, 384–392 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  98. Hall, C. B.: The nosocomial spread of respiratory syncytial viral infections. Ann. Rev. Med.34, 311–319 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  99. Hall, C. B., Douglas, R. G.: Modes of transmission of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Pediat.99, 100–103 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  100. Hall, C. B., Douglas, R. G., Geiman, J. M.: Respiratory syncytial virus infections in infants: quantitation and duration of shedding. J. Pediat.89, 11–15 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  101. Hall, C. B., Douglas, R. G., Geiman, J. M.: Possible transmission by fomites of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Inf. Dis.141, 98–102 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  102. Hall, C. B., Douglas, R. G., Geiman, J. M., Messner, M. K.: Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections. New Eng. J. Med.293, 1343–1346 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  103. Hall, C. B., Douglas, R. G., Schnabel, K. C., Geiman, J. M.: Infectivity of respiratory syncytial virus by various routes of inoculation. Infect. Immun.33, 779–783 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  104. Hall, C. B., Douglas, R. G., Simons, R. L., Geiman, J. M.: Interferon production in children with respiratory syncytial, influenza, and parainfluenza virus infections. J. Pediat.93, 28–32 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  105. Hall, C. B., Geiman, J. M., Biggar, R., Kotok, D., Hogan, P., Douglas, R. G.: Respiratory syncytial virus infections within families. New Eng. J. Med.294, 414–419 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  106. Hall, W. J., Hall, C. B., Speers, D. M.: Respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults: Clinical, virologic, and serial pulmonary function studies. Ann. Intern. Med.88, 203–205 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  107. Hall, C. B., Kopelman, A. E., Douglas, R. G., Geiman, J. M., Meagher, M. P.: Neonatal respiratory syncytial virus infection. New Eng. J. Med.300, 393–396 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  108. Hall, C. B., McBride, J. T., Walsh, E. E., Bell, D. M., Gala, C. L., Hildreth, S., Ten Eyck, L. G., Hall, W. J.: Aerosolized ribavirin treatment of infants with respiratory syncytial viral infection. New Eng. J. Med.308, 1443–1447 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  109. Hall, C. B., MacDonald, N. E., Klemperer, M. R., Ettinger, L. J.: Respiratory syncytial virus in immunocompromised children. Pediatr. Res.15, 613 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  110. Hall, C. B., Walsh, E. E., Hruska, J. F., Betts, R. F., Hall, W. J.: Ribavirin treatment of experimental respiratory syncytial viral infection. J. Amer. Med. Ass.249, 2666–2670 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  111. Halstead, S. B., O'Rourke, E. J.: Antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection in primate leukocytes. Nature265, 739–741 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  112. Hambling, M. H.: Survival of respiratory syncytial virus during storage under various conditions. Brit. J. exp. Path.45, 647–655 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  113. Hambling, M. H.: Antibody response in guinea-pigs following intranasal inoculation of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Path. Bact.91, 625–629 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  114. Henderson, F. W., Collier, A. M., Clyde, W. A., Denny, F. W.: Respiratory syncytial virus infections, reinfections and immunity. New Eng. J. Med.300, 530–534 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  115. Henry, R. L., Hodges, I. G. C., Milner, A. D., Stokes, G. M.: Respiratory problems 2 years after acute bronchiolitis in infancy. Arch. Dis. Child.58, 713–716 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  116. Hierholzer, J. C., Hirsch, M. S.: Croup and pneumonia in human infants associated with a new strain of RSV. J. Inf. Dis.140, 826–828 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  117. Hill, D. A., Baron, S., Chanock, R. M.: Sensitivity of common respiratory viruses to an interferon inducer in human cells. Lancet2, 187–188 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  118. Hodes, D. S., Schnitzer, T. J., Kalica, A. R., Camargo, E., Chanock, R. M.: Inhibition of respiratory syncytial, parainfluenza 3 and measles viruses by 2-Deoxy-D-glucose. Virology63, 201–208 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  119. Holzel, A., Parker, L., Patterson, W. H., Cartmel, D., White, L. L. R., Purdy, R., Thompson, K. M., Tobin, J. O'H.: Virus isolations from throats of children admitted to hospital with respiratory and other diseases, Manchester, 1962–1964. Br. Med. J.1, 614–619 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  120. Holzhauer, C., Van Nieuwstadt, A. P.: De etiologischi rol van het bovine respiratory syncytial virus bij pinkengriep. Tijdschr. Diergeneoskd.101, 1023–1031 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  121. Horn, M. E. C., Brain, E., Gregg, I., Yealland, S. J., Inglis, J. M.: Respiratory viral infection in childhood. A survey in general practice. Roehampton 1967–1972. J. Hyg.74, 157–168 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  122. Howatson, A. F., Fornasier, V. L.: Microfilaments associated with Paget's disease of bone: Comparison with nucleo-capsids of measles virus and respiratory syncytial virus. Intervirol.18, 150–159 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  123. Hruska, J. F., Bernstein, J. M., Douglas, R. G., Hall, C. B.: Effects of ribavirin on respiratory syncytial virusin vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.17, 770–775 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  124. Hruska, J. F., Morrow, P. E., Suffin, S. C., Douglas, R. G.:In vivo inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus by ribavirin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.21, 125–130 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  125. Huang, Y. T., Wertz, G. W.: The genome of respiratory syncytial virus is a negative stranded RNA that codes for at least seven mRNA species. J. Virol.43, 150–157 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  126. Huang, Y. T., Wertz, G. W.: Respiratory syncytial virus mRNA coding assignments. J. Virol.46, 667–672 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  127. Ida, S., Hooks, J. J., Siraganian, R. P., Notkins, A. L.: Enhancement of IgE-mediated histamine release from human basophils by viruses: role of interferon. J. Exp. Med.145, 892–906 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  128. Inaba, Y., Tanaka, Y., Omori, T., Matumoto, M.: Physicochemical properties of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Jap. J. Microbiol.17, 211–216 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  129. Inaba, Y., Tanaka, Y., Sato, K., Omori, T., Matumoto, M.: Bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Studies on an outbreak in Japan 1968–1969. Jap. J. Microbiol.16, 373–383 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  130. Ito, Y., Tanaka, Y., Inaba, Y., Omori, T.: Structure of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Arch. ges. Virusforsch.40, 198–204 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  131. Jacobs, J. W.: Immunity to infections of the respiratory system in man and animals. Develop. Biol. Standard.28, 609–616 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  132. Johnson, K. M., Chanock, R. M., Rifkind, D., Kravetz, H. M., Knight, V.: Respiratory syncytial virus. IV. Correlation of virus shedding, serologic response, and illness in adult volunteers. J. Amer. Med. Ass.176, 663–667 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  133. Johnson, R. A., Prince, G. A., Suffin, S. C., Horswood, R. L., Chanock, R. M.: Respiratory syncytial virus infection in cyclophosphamide-treated cotton rats. Infect. Immun.37, 369–373 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  134. Joncas, J., Berthiaume, L., Pavilanis, V.: The structure of respiratory syncytial virus. Virology38, 493–496 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  135. de Jong, J. C., Harmsen, M.: Stimulated growth of respiratory syncytial virus in the presence of actinomycin D. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol.39, 409–413 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  136. Jordan, W. S.: Growth characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Immunol.88, 581–590 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  137. Kalica, A. R., Wright, P. F., Hetrick, F. M., Chanock, R. M.: Electron microscopic studies of respiratory syncytial virus temperature-sensitive mutants. Arch. ges. Virusforsch.41, 248–258 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  138. Kapikian, A. Z., Mitchell, R. H., Chanock, R. M., Shvedoff, R. A., Stewart, C. E.: An epidemiologic study of altered clinical reactivity to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infection in children previously vaccinated with an inactivated RS vaccine. Amer. J. Epid.89, 405–421 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  139. Kasupski, G. J., Leers, W.-D.: Presumed respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in three immunocompromised adults. Am. J. Med. Sci.285, 28–33 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  140. Kaul, T. N., Faden, H., Baker, R., Ogra, P. L.: Virus-induced complement activation and neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Clin. Exp. Immunol.56, 501–508 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  141. Kaul, T. N., Faden, H. S., Middleton, E., Fugitani, T., Ogra, P. L.: Release of pharmacological mediators from human neutrophils by viral immune complexes: effects on mucosal smooth muscle function and possible role in clinical disease. Pediatr. Res.16, 224A, abst. no. 875 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  142. Kaul, T. N., Welliver, R. C., Ogra, P. L.: Appearance of complement components and immunoglobulins on nasopharyngeal epithelial cells following naturally acquired infection with respiratory syncytial virus. J. med. Virol.9, 149–158 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  143. Kaul, T. N., Welliver, R. C., Ogra, P. L.: Development of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the respiratory tract after natural infection with respiratory syncytial virus. Infect. Immun.37, 492–498 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  144. Kim, H. W., Arrobio, J. O., Brandt, C. D., Jeferies, B. C., Pyles, G., Reid, J. L., Chanock, R. M., Parrott, R. H.: Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection in Washington, D.C. I. Importance of the virus in different respiratory tract disease syndromes and temporal distribution of infection. Amer. J. Epid.98, 216–225 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  145. Kim, H. W., Arrobio, J., Brandt, C. D., Wright, P., Hodes, D., Chanock, R. M., Parrott, R. H.: Safety and antigenicity of temperature sensitive (TS) mutant respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in infants and children. Pediat.52, 56–63 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  146. Kim, H. W., Arrobio, J. O., Pyles, G., Brandt, C. D., Camargo, E., Chanock, R. M., Parrott, R. H.: Clinical and immunological response of infants and children to administration of low-temperature adapted respiratory syncytial virus. Pediat.48, 745–755 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  147. Kim, H. W., Bellanti, J. A., Arrobio, J. O., Mills, J., Brandt, C. D., Chanock, R. M., Parrott, R. H.: Respiratory syncytial virus neutralizing activity in nasal secretions following natural infection. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.131, 658–661 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  148. Kim, H. W., Canchola, J. G., Brandt, C. D., Pyles, G., Chanock, R. M., Jensen, K., Parrott, R. H.: Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic inactivated vaccine. Amer. J. Epidem.89, 422–434 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  149. Kim, H. W., Leikin, S. L., Arrobio, J., Brandt, C. D., Chanock, R. M., Parrott, R. H.: Cell-mediated immunity to respiratory syncytial virus induced by inactivated vaccine or by infection. Pediat. Res.10, 75–78 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  150. Kimball, A. M., Foy, H. M., Cooney, M. K., Allan, I. D., Matlock, M., Plorde, J. J.: Isolation of respiratory syncytial and influenza viruses from the sputum of patients hospitalized with pneumonia. J. Inf. Dis.147, 181–184 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  151. Kingsbury, D. W., Bratt, M. A., Choppin, P. W., Hanson, R. P., Hosaka, Y., ter Meulen, V., Norrby, E., Plowright, W., Rott, R., Wunner, W. H.: Paramyxoviridae. Intervirology10, 137–152 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  152. Koff, W. C., Caplan, F. R., Case, S., Halstead, S. B.: Cell-mediated immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in owl monkeys. Clin. Exp. Immunol.53, 272–280 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  153. Kravetz, H. M., Knight, V., Chanock, R. M., Morris, J. A., Johnson, K. M., Rifkind, D., Utz, J. P.: Respiratory syncytial virus III. Production of illness and clinical observations in adult volunteers. J. Amer. Med. Ass.176, 657–663 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  154. Lagace-Simard, J., Descoteaux, J. P., Lussier, G.: Experimental pneumovirus infections. 2. Hydrocephalus of hamsters and mice due to infection with human respiratory syncytial virus (RS). Am. J. Pathol.107, 36–40 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  155. Laing, I., Friedel, F., Yap, P. L., Simpson, H.: Atopy predisposing to acute bronchiolitis during an epidemic of respiratory syncytial virus. Br. Med. J.284, 1070–1072 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  156. Lambert, D. M., Pons, M. W.: Respiratory syncytial virus glycoproteins. Virology130, 204–214 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  157. Lambert, D. M., Pons, M. W., Mbuy, G. N., Dorsch-Hasler, K.: Nucleic acids of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Virol.36, 837–846 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  158. Lamprecht, C. L., Krause, H. E., Mufson, M. A.: Role of maternal antibody in pneumonia and bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus. J. Inf. Dis.134, 211–217 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  159. Lehmkuhl, H. D., Cutlip, R. C.: Experimentally induced respiratory syncytial virus infection in lambs. Am. J. Vet. Res.40, 512–514 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  160. Lehmkuhl, H. D., Smith, M. H., Cutlip, R. C.: Morphogenesis and structure of caprine respiratory syncytial virus. Arch. Virol.65, 269–276 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  161. Leung, K. N., Ashman, R. B., Ertl, H., Ada, G. L.: Selective suppression of the cytotoxic T cell response to influenza virus in mice. Eur. J. Immunol.10, 803–810 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  162. Levine, S.: Polypeptides of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Virol.21, 427–431 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  163. Levine, S., Buthala, D., Hamilton, R.: Late stage synchronization of respiratory syncytial virus replication. Virology45, 390–400 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  164. Levine, S., Hamilton, R.: Kinetics of respiratory syncytial virus growth cycle in HeLa cells. Arch. ges. Virusforsch.28, 122–132 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  165. Levine, S., Peebles, M., Hamilton, R.: Effect of respiratory syncytial virus infection on HeLa cell macromolecular synthesis. J. gen. Virol.37, 53–63 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  166. Liew, F. Y., Russell, S. M.: Inhibition of pathogenic effect of effector T cells by specific suppressor T cells during influenza virus infection in mice. Nature304, 541–543 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  167. Lin, Y.-L., Askonas, B. A.: Biological properties of an influenza A virus-specific killer T cell clone. J. Exp. Med.154, 225–234 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  168. Luini, W., Boraschi, D., Alberti, S., Aleotti, A., Tagliabue, A.: Morphological characterization of a cell population responsible for natural killer activity. Immunol.43, 663–668 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  169. MacDonald, N. E., Hall, C. B., Suffin, S. C., Alexson, C., Harris, P. J., Manning, J. A.: Respiratory syncytial viral infection in infants with congenital heart disease. New Eng. J. Med.307, 397–400 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  170. McIntosh, K.: Interferon in nasal secretions from infants with viral respiratory tract infections. J. Pediat.93, 33–36 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  171. McIntosh, K., Ellis, E. F., Hoffman, L. S., Lybass, T. G., Eller, J. J., Fulginiti, V. A.: The association of viral and bacterial respiratory infections with exacerbations of wheezing in young asthmatic children. J. Pediat.82, 578–590 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  172. McIntosh, K., Fishaut, J. M.: Immunopathologic mechanisms in lower respiratory tract disease of infants due to respiratory syncytial virus. Prog. Med. Virol.26, 94–118 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  173. McIntosh, K., Masters, H. B., Orr, I., Chao, R. K., Barkin, R. M.: The immunologic response to infection with respiratory syncytial virus in infants. J. Inf. Dis.138, 24–32 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  174. McIntosh, K., McQuillin, J., Gardner, P. S.: Cell-free and cell-bound antibody in nasal secretions from infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection. Infect. Immun.23, 276–281 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  175. McMichael, A. J., Gotch, F. M., Dongworth, D. W., Clark, A., Potter, C. W.: Declining T-cell immunity, 1977–1982. Lancet2, 762–764 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  176. McMichael, A. J., Gotch, F. M., Noble, G. R., Beare, A. S.: Cytotoxic T-cell immunity to influenza. New Eng. J. Med.309, 13–17 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  177. McNulty, M. S., Bryson, D. G., Allan, G. M.: Experimental respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in young calves: Microbiologic and immunofluorescent findings. Am. J. Vet. Res.44, 1656–1659 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  178. Mathur, U., Bentley, D. W., Hall, C. B.: Concurrent respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A infections in the institutionalised elderly and chronically ill. Am. Intern. Med.93, 49–52 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  179. Matthews, R. E. F.: Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Intervirology17, 104–105 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  180. Meguro, H., Kervina, M., Wright, P. F.: Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus: characterisation ofin vitro andin vivo properties. J. Immunol.122, 2521–2526 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  181. Merz, D. C., Scheid, A., Choppin, P. W.: Importance of antibodies to the fusion glycoprotein of paramyxoviruses in the prevention of spread of infection. J. Exp. Med.151, 275–288 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  182. Milder, J. E., McDearmon, S. C., Walzer, P. D.: Presumed respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in an adolescent compromised host. South. Med. J.72, 1195–1198 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  183. Mills, B. G., Singer, F. R., Weiner, L. P., Holst, P. A.: Cell cultures from bone affected by Paget's disease. Arthritis Rheum.23, 1115–1120 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  184. Mills, B. G., Singer, F. R., Weiner, L. P., Holst, P. A.: Immunohistological demonstration of respiratory syncytial virus antigens in Paget's disease of bone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.78, 1209–1213 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  185. Mills, B. G., Stabile, E., Holst, P. A., Graham, C.: Antigens of two different viruses in Paget's disease of bone. J. Dent. Res.61, 347 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  186. Mills, J., van Kirk, J. E., Wright, P. F., Chanock, R. M.: Experimental respiratory syncytial virus infection of adults. J. Immunol.107, 123–130 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  187. Mohanty, S. B., Lillie, M. G., Ingling, A. L.: Effect of serum and nasal neutralizing antibodies on bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves. J. Inf. Dis.134, 409–413 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  188. Mohanty, S. B., Rockemann, D. D., Davidson, J. P., Sharabrin, O. I.: Effect of vaccinal serum antibodies on bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves. Am. J. Vet. Res.42, 881–883 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  189. Mohanty, S. B., Rockemann, D. D., Davidson, J. P., Tripathy, R. N., Ingling, A. L.: Chemotherapeutic effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose against respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves. Am. J. Vet. Res.42, 336–338 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  190. Monto, A. S., Cavallaro, J. J.: The Tecumseh study of respiratory illnesses II. Patterns of occurrence of infection with respiratory pathogens, 1965–1969. Am. J. Epid.94, 280–289 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  191. Monto, A. S., Lim, S. K.: The Tecumseh study of respiratory illness III. Incidence and periodicity of respiratory syncytial virus andMycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Am. J. Epid.94, 290–301 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  192. Morales, F., Calder, M. A., Inglis, J. M., Murdoch, P. S., Williamson, J.: A study of respiratory infections in the elderly to assess the role of respiratory syncytial virus. J. Infect.7, 236–247 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  193. Morris, J. A., Blount, R. E., Savage, R. E.: Recovery of cytopathic agent from chimpanzees with coryza. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.92, 544–549 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  194. Mufson, M. A., Levine, H. D., Wasil, R. E., Mocega-Gonzalez, H. E., Kranse, H. E.: Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection among infants and children in Chicago. Amer. J. Epid.98, 88–95 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  195. Neligan, G. A., Steiner, H., Gardner, P. S., McQuillin, J.: Respiratory syncytial virus infection of the newborn. Br. Med. J. iii, 146–147 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  196. van Nieuwstadt, A. P. K. M. I., Verhoeff, J., van den Ingh, T. S. G. A. M., Hartman, E. G.: Epizootiology of Pi-3-, Bovine RS- and IBR-virus infections in dairy herds with traditional calf rearing. Proc. 12th World Congress on Diseases of Cattle1, 124–130 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  197. Norrby, E. H., Marusyk, H., Orvell, C.: Morphogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus in a green monkey kidney cell line (Vero). J. Virol.6, 237–242 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  198. Norrby, E., Enders-Ruckle, G., Ter-Meulen, V.: Differences on the appearance of antibodies to structural components of measles virus after immunization with inactivated and live virus. J. Inf. Dis.132, 262–269 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  199. Ogilvie, M. M., Vathenen, A. S., Radford, M., Codd, J., Key, S.: Maternal antibody and respiratory syncytial virus infection in infancy. J. Med. Virol.7, 263–271 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  200. Paccaud, M. F., Jacquier, A.: A respiratory syncytial virus of bovine origin. Arch. ges. Virusforsch.30, 327–342 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  201. Parrott, R. H., Kim, H. W., Arrobio, J. O., Hodes, D. S., Murphy, B. R., Brandt, C. D., Camargo, E., Chanock, R. M.: Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection in Washington, D.C. II. Infection and disease with respect to age, immunologic status, race and sex. Amer. J. Epidem.98, 289–300 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  202. Parrott, R. H., Vargosko, A. J., Kim, H. W., Cumming, C., Turner, H., Huebner, R. J., Chanock, R. M.: Respiratory syncytial virus II. Serologic studies over a 34-month period of children with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and minor respiratory diseases. J. Am. Med. Assoc.176, 653–657 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  203. Parry, J. E., Shirodaria, P. V., Pringle, C. R.: Pneumoviruses: the cell surface of lytically and persistently infected cells. J. Gen. Virol.44, 479–491 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  204. Peacock, D., Clarke, S. K. R.: Respiratory syncytial virus in Britain. Lancet2, 466 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  205. Peebles, M., Levine, S.: Respiratory syncytial virus polypeptides: their location in the virion. Virology95, 137–145 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  206. Peebles, M., Levine, S.: Metabolic requirements for the maturation of respiratory syncytial virus. J. gen. Virol.50, 81–88 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  207. Peiris, J. S. M., Porterfield, J. S.: Antibody-mediated enhancement of flavivirus replication in macrophage-like cell lines. Nature282, 509–511 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  208. Porter, D. P., Muck, K. B., Prince, G. A.: The age dependence of RSV growth in ferret lung can be shown in organ and monolayer cultures. Clin. Immunol. Immunopath.15, 415–423 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  209. Potash, L., Tytell, A. A., Sweet, B. H., Machlowitz, R. A., Stokes, J., Weibel, R. E., Woodhour, A. F., Hilleman, M. R.: Respiratory virus vaccines: 1. Respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza virus vaccines. Amer. Rev. Res. Dis.93, 536–548 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  210. Prince, G. A., Horswood, R. L., Berndt, J., Suffin, S. C., Chanock, R. M.: Respiratory syncytial virus infection in inbred mice. Infect. Immun.26, 764–766 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  211. Prince, G. A., Horswood, R. L., Camargo, E., Koenig, D., Chanock, R. M.: Mechanisms of immunity to respiratory syncytial virus in cotton rats. Infect. Immun.42, 81–87 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  212. Prince, G. A., Horswood, R. L., Camargo, E., Suffin, S. C., Chanock, R. M.: Parenteral immunization with live respiratory syncytial virus is blocked in seropositive cotton rats. Infect. Immun.37, 1074–1078 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  213. Prince, G. A., Jenson, A. B., Horswood, R. L., Camargo, E., Chanock, R. M.: The pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats. Am. J. Pathol.93, 771–784 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  214. Prince, G. A., Porter, D. D.: The pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infant ferrets. Am. J. Pathol.82, 339–350 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  215. Prince, G. A., Potash, L., Horswood, R. L., Camargo, E., Suffin, S. C., Johnson, R. A., Chanock, R. M.: Intramuscular inoculation of live respiratory syncytial virus induces immunity in cotton rats. Infect. Immun.23, 723–728 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  216. Pringle, C. R., Cross, A.: Neutralization of respiratory syncytial virus by cat serum. Nature276, 501–502 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  217. Pringle, C. R., Parry, J. E.: Location and quantitation of antigen on the surface of virus-infected cells by specific bacterial adherence and scanning electron microscopy. J. Virol. Meth.1, 61–75 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  218. Pringle, C. R., Shirodaria, P. V., Cash, P., Chiswell, D. J., Malloy, P.: Initiation and maintenance of persistent infection by respiratory syncytial virus. J. Virol.28, 199–211 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  219. Pringle, C. R., Shirodaria, P. V., Gimenez, H. B., Levine, S.: Antigen and polypeptide synthesis by temperature-sensitive mutants of respiratory syncytial virus. J. gen. Virol.54, 173–183 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  220. Public Health Laboratory Service: Respiratory syncytial virus infection in the elderly 1976–1982. Br. Med. J.287, 1618–1619 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  221. Pullan, C. R., Hey, E. N.: Wheezing, asthma and pulmonary dysfunction 10 years after infection with respiratory syncytial virus in infancy. Br. Med. J.284, 1665–1669 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  222. Pullan, C. R., Toms, G. L., Martin, A. J., Gardner, P. S., Webb, J. K. G., Appleton, D. R.: Breast-feeding and respiratory syncytial virus infection. Br. Med. J.281, 1034–1036 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  223. Raven, C., Maverakis, N. H., Eveland, W. C., Ackermann, W. W.: The sudden infant death syndrome: A possible hypersensitivity reaction determined by distribution of IgG in lungs. J. Foren. Sci.23, 116–128 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  224. Rebel, A., Baslé, M., Pouplard, A., Malkani, K., Filmon, R., Lepatezour, A.: Bone tissue in Paget's disease of bone. Arthritis Rheum.23, 1104–1114 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  225. Reichsteiner, J.: Thermal inactivation of respiratory syncytial virus in water and hypertonic solutions. J. gen. Virol.5, 397–403 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  226. Report to the Medical Research Council: Respiratory syncytial virus infection: admissions to hospital in industrial, urban and rural areas. Br. Med. J.2, 796–798 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  227. Richardson, L. S., Belshe, R. B., London, W. T., Sly, D. L., Prevar, D. A., Camargo, E., Chanock, R. M.: Evaluation of five temperature-sensitive mutants of respiratory syncytial virus in primates: 1. Viral shedding, immunologic response, and associated illness. J. Med. Virol.3, 91–100 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  228. Richardson, L. S., Belshe, R. B., Sly, D. L., London, W. T., Prevar, D. A., Camargo, E., Chanock, R. M.: Experimental respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in cebus monkeys. J. Med. Virol.2, 45–59 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  229. Richardson, L. S., Yolken, R. H., Belshe, R. B., Camargo, E., Kim, H. W., Chanock, R. M.: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of serological response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. Infect. Immun.20, 660–664 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  230. Richardson-Wyatt, L. S., Belshe, R. B., London, W. T., Sly, D. L., Camargo, E., Chanock, R. M.: Respiratory syncytial virus antibodies in non-human primates and domestic animals. Lab. Anim. Sci.31, 413–415 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  231. Richman, A. V., Tauraso, N. M.: Growth of respiratory syncytial virus in suspension cell culture. Appl. Microbiol.22, 1123–1125 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  232. Rooney, J. C., Williams, H. E.: The relationship between proved viral bronchiolitis and subsequent wheezing. J. Pediat.79, 744–747 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  233. Ross, C. A., Pinkerton, I. W., Asaad, F. A.: Pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus disease in infancy. Arch. Dis. Child.46, 702–704 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  234. Rossi, C. R., Kiesel, G. K.: Serological evidence for the association of bovine respiratory syncytial virus with respiratory tract disease in Alabama cattle. Infect. Immun.10, 293–298 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  235. Satake, M., Venkatesan, S.: Nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein. J. Virol.50, 92–99 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  236. Scarpelli, E. M.: Pulmonary physiology of the fetus and newborn child. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Schauf, V., Purcell, C., Mizen, M., Mizen, S.: Lymphocyte transformation in response to antigens of respiratory syncytial virus. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.161, 564–569 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  238. Scott, R., Gardner, P. S.: Respiratory syncytial virus neutralizing activity in nasopharyngeal secretions. J. Hyg. Camb.68, 581–588 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  239. Scott, R., Gardner, P. S.: The local antibody response to RS virus infection in the respiratory tract. J. Hyg. Camb.72, 110–120 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  240. Scott, R., Kaul, A., Scott, M., Chiba, Y., Ogra, P. L.: Development ofin vitro correlates of cell-mediated immunity to respiratory syncytial virus infections in humans. J. Inf. Dis.137, 810–817 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  241. Scott, R., De Landazuri, M. O., Gardner, P. S., Owen, J. J. T.: Human antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against target cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Clin. Exp. Immunol.28, 19–26 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  242. Scott, R., Pullan, C. R., Scott, M., McQuillin, J.: Cell-mediated immunity in respiratory syncytial virus disease. J. Med. Virol.13, 105–114 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  243. Scott, R., Scott, M., Toms, G. L.: Cellular and antibody responses to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus in human colostrum, maternal blood, and cord blood. J. Med. Virol.8, 55–66 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  244. Senterfit, L. B., Baldridge, P. B.: Separation and concentration of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigens. J. Immunol. Meth.4, 349–357 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  245. Sieber, O. F., Lucas, D. L., Lohman, C., Larter, W., Giles, H., John, T. J.: Evidence for transplacental transfer of cell-mediated immunity. New Devel. Paed. Res.2, 483–486 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  246. Sieber, O. F., Wilska, M. L., Riggin, R.: Elevated nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction test response in acute viral respiratory disease. Pediat.58, 122–124 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  247. Sims, D. G., Downham, M. A. P. S., Gardner, P. S., Webb, J. K. G., Weightman, D.: Study of 8 year-old children with a history of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy. Br. med. J.1, 11–14 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  248. Sims, D. G., Downham, M. A. P. S., McQuillin, J., Gardner, P. S.: Respiratory syncytial virus infection in north-east England. Br. med. J.2, 1095–1098 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  249. Sims, D. G., Downham, M. A. P. S., Webb, J. K. G., Gardner, P. S., Weightman, D.: Hospital cross-infection on children's wards with respiratory syncytial virus and the role of adult carriage. Acta Paediatr. Scand.64, 541–545 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  250. Sims, D. G., Gardner, P. S., Weightman, D., Turner, M. W., Soothill, J. F.: Atopy does not predispose to RSV bronchiolitis or postbronchiolitic wheezing. Br. med. J.282, 2086–2088 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  251. Singer, F. R., Mills, B. G.: Viruses and Paget's disease. Lancet1, 69 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  252. Smith, M. H., Frey, M. L., Dierks, R. E.: Isolation and characterisation of a bovine syncytial virus. Vet. Rec.94, 599 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  253. Smith, T. F., McIntosh, K., Fishaut, M., Henson, P. M.: Activation of complement by cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Infect. Immun.33, 43–48 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  254. Solomon, L. R., Raftery, A. T., Mallick, N. P., Johnson, R. W. G., Longson, M.: Respiratory syncytial virus infection following renal transplantation. J. Infect.3, 280–282 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  255. Spelman, D. W., Stanley, P. A.: Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonitis in adults. Med. J. Aust.1, 430–431 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  256. Stott, E. J., Bew, M. H., Taylor, G., Jebbett, J., Collins, A. P.: The characterisation and uses of monoclonal antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus. Develop. Biol. Standard. (in press, 1984).

  257. Stott, E. J., Thomas, L. H., Collins, A. P., Crouch, S., Jebbett, J., Smith, G. S., Luther, P. D., Caswell, R.: A survey of virus infections of the respiratory tract of cattle and their association with disease. J. Hyg.85, 257–270 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  258. Stott, E. J., Thomas, L. H., Taylor, G., Collins, A. P., Jebbett, J., Crouch, S.: A comparison of three vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus in calves. J. Hyg.93, 251–261 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  259. Suffin, S. C., Prince, G. A., Hocko, J., Chanock, R. M.: Immunoenzymatic examination of autoptic tissues from the outbreak of fatal infantile disease in Naples, in 1978–1979. Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita17, 777–782 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  260. Suffin, S. C., Prince, G. A., Muck, K. B., Porter, D. D.: Immunoprophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the infant ferret. J. Immunol.123, 10–14 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  261. Sun, C.-S., Wyde, P. R., Knight, V.: Correlation of cytotoxic activity in lungs to recovery of normal and gamma-irradiated cotton rats from respiratory syncytial virus infection. Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis.128, 668–672 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  262. Sun, C.-S., Wyde, P. R., Wilson, S. Z., Knight, V.: Cell-mediated cytotoxic responses in lungs of cotton rats infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis.127, 460–464 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  263. Suto, T., Yano, N., Ikeda, M., Miyamoto, M., Takai, S., Shigeta, S., Himema, Y., Ishida, N.: Respiratory syncytial virus infection and its serologic epidemiology. Am. J. Epidem.82, 211–224 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  264. Taylor, B., Wadsworth, J., Golding, J., Butler, N.: Breast-feeding, bronchitis, and admissions for lower-respiratory illness and gastroenteritis during the first five years. Lancet1, 1227–1229 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  265. Taylor, G., Stott, E. J., Bew, M., Fernie, B. F., Cote, P. J.: Monoclonal antibodies protect against respiratory syncytial virus. Lancet2, 976 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  266. Taylor, G., Stott, E. J., Bew, M., Fernie, B. F., Cote, P. J., Collins, A. P., Hughes, M., Jebbett, J.: Monoclonal antibodies protect against respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. Immunol.52, 137–142 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  267. Taylor, G., Stott, E. J., Hughes, M., Collins, A. P.: Respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. Infect. Immun.43, 649–655 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  268. Thomas, L. H., Stott, E. J., Collins, A. P., Crouch, S., Jebbett, J.: Infection of gnotobiotic calves with a bovine and human isolate of respiratory syncytial virus. Modification of the response by dexamethasone. Arch. Virol.79, 67–77 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  269. Thomas, L. H., Stott, E. J., Collins, A. P., Jebbett, J.: Experimental pneumonia in gnotobiotic calves produced by respiratory syncytial virus. Br. J. Exp. Path.65, 19–28 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  270. Toms, G. L., Gardner, P. S., Pullan, C. R., Scott, M., Taylor, C.: Secretion of respiratory syncytial virus inhibitors and antibody in human milk throughout lactation. J. Med. Virol.5, 351–360 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  271. Trepanier, P., Payment, P., Trudel, M.: Concentration of human respiratory syncytial virus using ammonium sulphate polyethylene glycol or hollow fibre ultrafiltration. J. Virol. Meth.3, 201–211 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  272. Trepanier, P., Payment, P., Trudel, M.: Modified immunoprecipitation procedure for the identification of human respiratory syncytial virus polypeptides. J. Virol. Meth.7, 149–154 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  273. Treuhaft, M. W.: A colorimetric assay for quantification of defective interfering particles of respiratory syncytial virus. J. gen. Virol.64, 1301–1309 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  274. Treuhaft, M. W., Beem, M. O.: Defective interfering particles of respiratory syncytial virus. Infect. Immun.37, 439–444 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  275. Twiggs, J. T., Larson, L. A., O'Connell, E. J., Ilstrup, D. M.: Respiratory syncytial virus infection ten-year follow-up. Clin. Pediat.20, 187–190 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  276. Tyeryar, F. J.: Report of a Workshop on respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza viruses. J. Inf. Dis.148, 588–598 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  277. Ueba, O.: Respiratory syncytial virus: II. Isolation and morphology of the glycoproteins. Acta Med. Okayama34, 245–254 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  278. Ueba, O.: Purification and polypeptides of respiratory syncytial virus. Microbiol. Immunol.24, 361–364 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  279. Uren, E. C., Williams, A. L., Jack, I., Rees, J. W.: Association of respiratory virus infections with sudden infant death syndrome. Med. J. Aust.1, 417–419 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  280. Verhoeff, J., van Nieuwstadt, A. P. K. M. I.: A field trial with a bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. Proceedings of XII World Congress on Diseases of Cattle, 182–188 (1982).

  281. Walsh, E. E., Hruska, J.: Monoclonal antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus proteins: Identification of the fusion protein. J. Virol.47, 171–177 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  282. Walsh, E. E., Schlesinger, J. J., Brandriss, M. W.: Purification and characterisation of GP90, one of the envelope glycoproteins of respiratory syncytial virus. J. gen. Virol.65, 761–767 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  283. Walsh, E. E., Schlesinger, J. J., Brandriss, M. W.: Protection from respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats by passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies. Infect. Immun.43, 756–758 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  284. Ward, K. A., Lambden, P. R., Ogilvie, M. M., Watt, P. J.: Antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus polypeptides and their significance in human infection. J. gen. Virol.64, 1867–1876 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  285. Weibel, R. E., Stokes, J., Leagus, M. B., Mascoli, C. C., Hilleman, M. R.: Respiratory virus vaccines. V. Field evaluation for efficacy of Heptavalent vaccine. Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis.94, 362–379 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  286. Wellemans, G., van Opdenbosch, E., Boucque, C. V., Leunen, J., Strobbe, R.: Vaccination des bovins contre le virus respiratoire syncytial (RSB) au moyen d'une souche atténuée. Ann. Méd. Vét.122, 527–536 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  287. Welliver, R. C., Kaul, A., Ogra, P. L.: Cell-mediated immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection: Relationship to the development of reactive airway disease. J. Pediat.94, 370–375 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  288. Welliver, R. C., Kaul, T. N., Ogra, P. L.: The appearance of cell-bound IgE in respiratory-tract epithelium after respiratory syncytial virus infection. New Eng. J. Med.303, 1198–1202 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  289. Welliver, R. C., Kaul, T. N., Putnam, T. I., Sun, M., Riddlesberger, K., Ogra, P. L.: The antibody response to primary and secondary infection with respiratory syncytial virus: Kinetics of class-specific responses. J. Ped.96, 808–813 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  290. Welliver, R. C., Wong, D. T., Sun, M., Middleton, E., Vaughan, R. S., Ogra, P. L.: The development of respiratory syncytial virus-specific IgE and the release of histamine in nasopharynageal secretions after infection. New Eng. J. Med.305, 841–846 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  291. Wright, P. F., Belshe, R. B., Kim, H. W., van Voris, L. P., Chanock, R. M.: Administration of a highly attenuated live respiratory syncytial virus vaccine to adults and children. Infect. Immun.37, 397–400 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  292. Wright, P. F., Mills, J., Chanock, R. M.: Evaluation of a temperature-sensitive mutant of respiratory syncytial virus in adults. J. Inf. Dis.124, 505–511 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  293. Wright, P. F., Woodend, W. G., Chanock, R. M.: Temperature-sensitive mutants of respiratory syncytial virus:In vivo studies in hamsters. J. Inf. Dis.122, 501–512 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  294. Wulff, H., Kidd, P., Wenner, H. A.: Respiratory syncytial virus: Observations on antigenic heterogeneity. Proc. Soc. exp. Biol. Med.115, 240–243 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  295. Wunner, W. H., Faulkner, C. P., Pringle, C. R.: Respiratory syncytial virus: some biological and biochemical properties. In:Mahy, B., Barry, R. (eds.), Negative Strand Viruses, 193–201. New York: Academic Press 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  296. Wunner, W. H., Pringle, C. R.: Respiratory syncytial virus proteins. Virology73, 228–243 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  297. Wyde, P. R., Cate, T. R.: Cellular changes in the lungs of mice infected with influenza virus. Characterization of the cytotoxic responses. Infect. Immun.22, 423–429 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  298. Wyde, P. R., Sun, C.-S., Knight, V.: Replication of respiratory syncytial virus in lungs of immunodeficient mice. J. Retic. Soc.34, 125–129 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  299. Zakstilskaya, L. Ya., Almeida, J. D., Bradstreet, C. M. P.: The morphological characterization of respiratory syncytial virus by a simple electron microscope technique. Acta Virol.11, 420–423 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  300. Zygraich, N.: Vaccination against RS virus: a five year experience with Rispoval. Proceedings of XII World Congress on Diseases of Cattle, 189–195 (1982).

  301. Zygraich, N., Wellemans, G.: Immunological markers of an attenuated bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. Zbl. Vet. Med. B.28, 355–362 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

With 2 Figures

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Stott, E.J., Taylor, G. Respiratory syncytial virus. Archives of Virology 84, 1–52 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01310552

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01310552

Keywords

Navigation