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Separate Digits tests: A brief history, a literature review, and a reexamination of the factor structure of the test of memory and learning (TOMAL)

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Abstract

Following a brief history of Digit Span, a review of 27 articles, selected from 76, addresses the question of whether to scale Digits Forward and Backward separately. The review begins with studies involving Digits Forward, followed in turn by studies of Digits Backward and of both subtests. Finally, the loadings of four TOMAL subtests, Digits Forward and Backward and Letters Forward and Backward, undergo examination in the context of two, three, and four factor promax solutions, with corresponding varimax solutions provided for comparison. The analysis leads to several conclusions. Though Digits Forward and Backward show similarities, they load differently in the three and four factor solutions; Digits Backward also displays a spatial element, and perhaps a transformative element, not apparent in Digits Forward. Moreover, the differences between the two measures have important neurologic and diagnostic implications.

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  1. Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, 77843-4225, College Station, Texas

    Michael C. Ramsay & Cecil R. Reynolds

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  1. Michael C. Ramsay
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Ramsay, M.C., Reynolds, C.R. Separate Digits tests: A brief history, a literature review, and a reexamination of the factor structure of the test of memory and learning (TOMAL). Neuropsychol Rev 5, 151–171 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02214760

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