Abstract
The bonnet monkey is being increasingly used as a model in biomedical research. However, unlike the rhesus monkey, very little information on the hematological and biochemical characteristics of blood plasma is available. Comparative data on plasma biochemical parameters vis-a-vis rhesus and human is essential for utilization of this species in biomedical research. Efforts were made to determine selected serum enzymes, glucose, triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnessium, potassium and total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, hemoglobin, PCV, ESR, and differential leukocyte count in groups of juvenile and adult bonnet monkeys of both sexes. The monkeys exhibited similar values for all the parameters in comparison to rhesus and human except for alkaline phosphatase. The value for alkaline phosphatase was 3–5 fold higher when compared to concentrations seen in rhesus monkeys and human beings. The investigation also describes the variations seen between adults and juveniles, as well as between the sexes. The data presented is valuable for scientists using this species of monkey as a human surrogate model.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Altshuler, H. L.;Stowell, R. E.;Lowe, R. T. 1971 Normal serum biochemical values ofMacaca arctoides, Macaca fascicularis andMacaca radiata.Lab. Anim. Sci., 21: 916–926.
Davy, C. W.;Jackson, M. R.;Walker, J. 1984. Reference intervals for some clinical chemical parameters in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): effect of age and sex.Lab. Anim., 18: 135–142.
de Neef, K. J.;Nieuwenhuijsen, K.;Lammers, A. J. J. C.;Degan, A. J. M.;Verbon, F. 1987. Blood variables in adult stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) living in a captive group annual variability.J. Med. Primatol., 16: 237–247.
Hack, C. A.;Gleiser, C. A. 1982. Hematologic and serum chemical reference values for adult and juvenile baboons (papio sp.).Lab. Anim. Sci., 32: 502–505.
Hambleton, P.;Harris-Smith, P. W.;Baskerville, A.;Bailey, N. E.;Pavey, K. J. 1979 Normal values for some whole blood and serum components of grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).Lab. Anim., 13: 87–91.
Izard, M. K.;Heath, S. J.;Hayes, Y.;Simons, E. L. 1991. Hematology, serum chemistry values and rectal temperatures of adult greater galagos (Galago garnettii andG. crassicaudatus).J. Med. Primatol., 20: 117–121.
Kapeghian, J. C.;Bush, M. J.;Verlangierin, A. J. 1984. Changes in selected serum biochemical and EGK values with age in cynomolgus macaques.J. Med. Primatol., 13: 283–288.
Kessler, M. J.;Rawlins, R. G. 1983. The hemogram, serum biochemistry and electrolyte profile of the free-ranging Cayo Santiago rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).Amer. J. Primatol., 4: 107–116.
Kessler, M. J.;Rawlins, R. G.;London, W. T. 1983. The hemogram serum biochemistry and electrolyte profile of aged rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).J. Med. Primatol., 12: 184–191.
Madhwaraj, H. G.;Srinath, B. R.;Jagannadha Rao, A.;Moudgal, N. R. 1974. Initiation of menstrual cyclicity and deciduomal reaction in the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata).Proc. Int. Nat. Sci. Acad., 40: 393–398.
Martin, D. P.;McGowan, M. J.;Loeb, W. F. 1973. Age related changes of hematologic values in infantMacaca mulatta.Lab. Anim. Sci., 23: 194–200.
Meites, S. 1981.Pediatric Clinical Chemistry (2nd ed.) Amer. Ass. for Clinic. Chem., Washington, D.C.
Moudgal, N. R. 1981. A need for FSH in maintaining fertility of adult male subhuman primates.Arch. Androl., 7: 117–125.
Moudgal, N. R.;Jagannadha Rao, A.;Murthy, G. S. R. C.;Ravindranath, N.;Srinath, B. R.;Kotagi, S. G.;Anandkumar, T. C. 1985. Effect of intranasal administration of norethisterone and progesterone on pituitary and gonadal function in adult male and female bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata).Fert. Steril., 44: 120–124.
Moudgal, N. R.;Murthy, G. S.;Ravindranath, N.;Rao, A. J.;Prasad, M. R. N. 1988. Development of a contraceptive vaccine for use by the human male: results of a feasibility study carried out in adult male bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata). In:Contraception Research for Today and the Nineties: Progress in Vaccinology, Vol. 1,Talwar,G. P. (ed.), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 253–258.
Mukku, V. R.;Murthy, G. S. R. C.;Srinath, B. R.;Ramasarma, K.;Kotagi, S. G.;Moudgal, N. R. 1981. Regulation of testosterone rhythmicity by gonadotropins in bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata).Biol. Reprod., 24: 814–819.
Perretta, G.;Violante, A.;Scarpulla, M.;Beciani, M.;Monaco, V. 1991. Normal serum biochemical and hematological parameters inMacaca fascicularis.J. Med. Primatol., 20: 345–351.
Prahalada, S.;Mukku, V. R.;Jagannadha Rao, A.;Moudgal, N. R. 1975. Termination of pregnancy in macaques (Macaca radiata) using monkey antiserum to ovine luteinizing hormone.Contracept., 12: 137–147.
Rao, A. J.;Kotagi, S. G.;Moudgal, N. R. 1984. Serum concentrations of chorionic gonadotropin, Oestradiol-17β and progesterone during early pregnancy in the South Indian bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata).J. Reprod. Fertil., 70: 449–455.
Ravindranath, N.;Sheela Rani, C. S.;Flora Martin;Moudgal, N. R. 1989. Effect of FSH deprivation at specific times on follicular maturation in the bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata).J. Reprod. Fertil., 87: 231–241.
Roberts, J. A. 1972. The urinary system. In:Pathology of Simian Primates, Part 1,T-W-Fiennes,R. N. (ed.), Karger, Basel, pp. 821–838.
Rosemblum, I. Y.;Cowston, F. 1981. Normal range and longitudinal blood chemistry and hematology values in juveniles and adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 5: 401–411.
Rosner, J. M.;Schninini, A.;Rovira, T.;Merlo, R.;Bestard, R.;Maldonado, M. 1986. Body measurements, hematology and serum chemistry values of the adultCebus apella monkey.J. Med. Primatol., 15: 295–302.
Srinath, B. R. 1980. Husbandary and breeding of bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata). In:Non Human Primate Models for Study of Human Reproduction,Anandkumar,T. C. (ed.), Karger, Basel, pp. 17–21.
Takenaka, O. 1986. Blood characteristics of the crab eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Bali island, Indonesia: implication of water deficiency in west Bali.J. Med. Primatol., 15: 97–104.
Talwar, G. P.;Gaur, A.;Gupta, S. K. 1986. Immunological control of fertility.Rec. Adva. Clin. Immunol., 4: 183–200.
Varleg, H.;Gowenlock, A. H.;Bell, M. 1980.Practical Clinical Biochemistry, Vol. 1, (5th ed.) William Heinemann Medical Books, London.
Verlangieri, A. J.;De Priest, J. C.;Kapeghian, J. C. 1985. Normal serum biochemical, hematological and EKG parameters in anesthetized adult maleMacaca fascicularis andMacaca arctoides.Lab. Anim. Sci., 35: 63–66.
Vogin, E. E.;Oser, F. 1971. Comparative blood values in several species of nonhuman primates.Lab. Anim. Sci., 21: 937–941.
Wallach, J. 1986.Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests (4th ed.). Little Brown, Boston.
Yarbrough, L. W.;Tolett, J. L.;Montrey, R. D.;Beattie, R. J. 1984. Serum biochemical hematological and body measurement data for common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus).Lab. Anim. Sci., 34: 276–280.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Ramachandra, S.G., Ramesh, V., Krishnamurthy, H.N. et al. Normal hematological and plasma biochemical parameters of the captive bonnet monkey (Maccaca radiata). Primates 39, 127–134 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02557725
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02557725