Abstract
Biomineralization, biosilicification in particular (i.e. the formation of biogenic silica, SiO2), has become an exciting source of inspiration for the development of novel bionic approaches following “nature as model”. Siliceous sponges are unique among silica forming organisms in their ability to catalyze silica formation using a specific enzyme termed silicatein. In this study, we review the present state of knowledge on silicatein-mediated “biosilica” formation in marine sponges, the involvement of further molecules in silica metabolism and their potential application in nanobiotechnology and medicine.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Addadi L, Weiner S (1985) Interactions between acidic proteins and crystals: stereochemical requirements. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:4110–4114
Aizenberg J, Sundar V, Yablon AD, Weaver JC, Chen G (2004) Biological glass fibers: correlation between optical and structural properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:3358–3363
Aizenberg J, Weaver JC, Thanawala MS, Sundar VC, Morse DE, Fratzl P (2005) Skeleton of Euplectella sp.: structural hierarchy from the nanoscale to the macroscale. Science 309:275–278
Amezaga-Madrid P, Silveyra-Morales R, Cordoba-Fierro L, Nevarez-Moorillon GV, Miki-Yoshida M, Orrantia-Borunda E, Solis FJ (2003) TEM evidence of ultrastructural alteration on Pseudomonas aeruginosa by photocatalytic TiO2 thin films. J Photochem Photobiol B 70:45–50
Arndt W (1930) Schwämme-Porifera, spongien. In: Oppenheimer C, Pincussen L (eds) Tabulae biologicae. W. Junk, Berlin, pp 39–120
Azam F, Hemmingsen BB, Volcani BE (1973) Germanium incorporation into silica of the diatom cell walls. Arch Mikrobiol 92:11–20
Bachtold A, Hadley P, Nakanishi T, Dekker C (2001) Logic circuits with carbon nanotube transistors. Science 294:1317–1320
Banerjee S, Wong SS (2002) Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotube–nanocrystal heterostructures. Nano Lett 2:195–200
Bansal V, Rautaray D, Ahmad A, Sastry M (2004) Biosynthesis of zirconia nanoparticles using the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. J Mater Chem 14:3303–3305
Bäuerlein E (2004) Biomineralization. Wiley–VCH, Cambridge
Belikov SI, Kaluzhnaya OV, Schröder HC, Krasko A, Müller IM, Müller WEG (2005) Expression of silicatein in spicules from the Baikalian sponge Lubomirskia baicalensis. Cell Biol Int 29:943–951
Belton D, Paine G, Patwardhan SV, Perry CC (2004) Towards an understanding of (bio)silicification: The role of amino acids and lysine oligomers in silicification. J Mater Chem 14:2231–2241
Belton D, Patwardhan SV, Perry CC (2005a) Putrescine homologues control silica morphogenesis by electrostatic interactions and the hydrophobic effect. Chem Commun 27:3475–3477
Belton DJ, Patwardhan SV, Perry CC (2005b) Spermine, spermidine and their analogues generate tailored silicas. J Mater Chem 15:4629–4638
Bernard A, Renault JP, Michel B, Bosshard HR, Delamarche E (2000) Microcontact printing of proteins. Adv Mater 12:1067–1070
Bhattacharyya P, Vulcani BE (1980) Sodium-dependent silicate transport in the apochlorotic marine diatom Nitzschia alba. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:6386–6390
Braun J, Baidins A, Marganski RE (1992) TiO2 pigment technology: a review. Prog Org Coat 20:105–138
Brinker CJ, Scherrer GW (1990) Sol-gel science: the physics and chemistry of sol-gel processing. Academic, London
Cattaneo-Vietti R, Bavestrello G, Cerrano C, Sarà A, Benatti U, Giovine M, Gaino E (1996) Optical fibres in an Antarctic sponge. Nature 383:397–398
Cha JN, Shimizu K, Zhou Y, Christianssen SC, Chmelka BF, Stucky GD, Morse DE (1999) Silicatein filaments and subunits from a marine sponge direct the polymerization of silica and silicones in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:361–365
Cha JN, Stucky GD, Morse DE, Deming TJ (2000) Biomimetic synthesis of ordered silica structures mediated by block copolypeptides. Nature 403:289–292
Choi HC, Shim M, Bangsaruntip S, Dai H (2002) Spontaneous reduction of metal ions on the sidewalls of carbon nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 124:9058–9059
Collins PG, Arnold MS, Avouris P (2001) Engineering carbon nanotubes and nanotube circuits using electrical breakdown. Science 292:706–708
Corma A (1997) From microporous to mesoporous molecular sieve materials and their use in catalysis. Chem Rev 97:2373–2419
Croce G, Frache A, Milanesio M, Marchese L, Causà M, Viterbo D, Barbaglia A, Bolis V, Bavestrello G, Cerrano C, Benatti U, Pozzolini M, Giovine M, Amenitsch H (2004) Structural characterization of siliceous spicules from marine sponges. Biophys J 86:526–534
Cui Y, Wei QQ, Park HK, Lieber CM (2001) Nanowire nanosensors for highly sensitive and selective detection of biological and chemical species. Science 293:1289–1292
Curnow P, Bessette PH, Kisailus D, Murr MM, Daugherty PS, Morse DE (2005) Enzymatic synthesis of layered titanium phosphates at low temperature and neutral pH by cell-surface display of silicatein-alpha. J Am Chem Soc 127:15749–15755
Curnow P, Kisailus D, Morse DE (2006) Biocatalytic synthesis of poly(l-lactide) by native and recombinant forms of the silicatein enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 45:613–616
Custodio MR, Prokic I, Steffen R, Koziol C, Borojevic R, Brümmer F, Nickel M, Müller WEG (1998) Primmorphs generated from dissociated cells of the sponge Suberites domuncula: a model system for studies of cell proliferation and cell death. Mech Ageing Dev 105:45–59
Dai Q, He N, Guo Y, Yuan C (1998) High photocatalytic activity of pure TiO2 mesoporous molecular sieves for the degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Chem Lett 11:1113–1114
Dalsin JL, Lin L, Tosatti S, Vörös J, Textor M, Messersmith PB (2005) Protein resistance of titanium oxide surfaces modified by biologically inspired mPEG–DOPA. Langmuir 21:640–646
Diehl MR, Yaliraki SN, Beckman RA, Barahona M, Heath JR (2002) Self-assembled, deterministic carbon nanotube wiring networks. Angew Chem Int Ed 41:353–356
Dimitrijevic NM, Saponjic ZV, Rabatic BM, Rajh T (2005) Assembly and charge transfer in hybrid TiO2 architectures using biotin-avidin as a connector. J Am Chem Soc 127:1344–1345
Ding H, Ram MK, Nicolini C (2001) Nanofabrication of organic/inorganic hybrids of TiO2 with substituted phthalocyanine or polythiophene. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 1:207–213
Eckert C, Schröder HC, Brandt D, Perovic-Ottstadt S, Müller WEG (2006) A histochemical and electron microscopic analysis of the spiculogenesis in the demosponge Suberites domuncula. J Histochem Cytochem 54:1031–1040
Ellis AV, Vijayamohanan K, Goswami R, Chakrapani N, Ramanathan LS, Ajayan PM, Ramanath G (2003) Hydrophobic anchoring of monolayer-protected gold nanoclusters to carbon nanotubes. Nano Lett 3:279–282
Elvin DW (1972) Effect of germanium upon development of siliceous spicules of some fresh-water sponges. Exp Cell Res 72:551–553
Fullam S, Cottell D, Rensmo H, Fitzmaurice D (2000) Carbon nanotube templated self-assembly and thermal processing of gold nanowires. Adv Mater 12:1430–1432
Funayama N, Nakatsukasa M, Kuraku S, Takechi K, Dohi M, Iwabe N, Miyata T, Agata K (2005) Isolation of the choanocyte in the fresh water sponge, Ephydatia fluviatilis and its lineage marker, Ef annexin. Zoological Science 22:1113–1122
Gal S, Gottesman MM (1988) Isolation and sequence of a cDNA for human pro-(cathepsin L). Biochem J 253:303–306
Gu H, Yang Z, Gao J, Chang CK, Xu B (2005) Heterodimers of nanoparticles: formation at a liquid–liquid interface and particle-specific surface modification by functional molecules. J Am Chem Soc 127:34–35
Guex N, Peitsch MC (1997) Swiss-model and the Swiss-Pdb viewer: an environment for comparative protein modeling. Electrophoresis 18:2714–2723
Hench LL, West JK (1990) The sol-gel process. Chem Rev 90:3372
Hench LL, Wilson JW (1984) Surface-active biomaterials. Science 226:630–636
Hildebrandt M, Wetherbee R (2003) Components and control of silicification in diatoms. Prog Mol Subcell Biol 33:11–57
Hoppe-Seyler EF (1877) Preface. Z Physiol Chem 1:1
Huynh WU, Dittmer JJ, Alivisatos AP (2002) Hybrid nanorod-polymer solar cells. Science 295:2425–2427
Iler RK (1979) The chemistry of silica. Wiley, New York
Kaluzhnaya OV, Belikov SI, Schröder HC, Rothenberger M, Zapf S, Kaandorp JA, Borejko A, Müller IM, Müller WEG (2005a) Dynamics of skeleton formation in the Lake Baikal sponge Lubomirskia baicalensis. Part I: biological and biochemical studies. Naturwissenschaften 92:128–133
Kaluzhnaya OV, Belikov SI, Schröder HC, Wiens M, Giovine M, Krasko A, Müller IM, Müller WEG (2005b) Dynamics of skeleton formation in the Lake Baikal sponge Lubomirskia baicalensis. Part II: molecular biological studies. Naturwissenschaften 92:134–138
Kamphuis IG, Kalk KH, Swarte MBA, Drenth J (1984) Structure of papain refined at 1.65 Å resolution. J Mol Biol 179:233–257
Katz E, Willner I (2004) Integrated nanoparticle–biomolecule hybrid systems: synthesis, properties, and applications. Angew Chem Int Ed 43:6042–6108
Katz E, Filanovsky B, Willner I (1999) A biofuel cell based on two immiscible solvents and glucose oxidase and microperoxidase-11 monolayer-functionalized electrodes. New J Chem 23:481–487
Kennish MJ (1994) Practical handbook of marine science. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Kisailus D, Choi JH, Weaver JC, Yang W, Morse DE (2005) Enzymatic synthesis and nanostructural control of gallium oxide at low temperature. Adv Mater 17:314–318
Kisailus D, Truong Q, Amemiya Y, Weaver JC, Morse DE (2006) Self-assembled bifunctional surface mimics an enzymatic and templating protein for the synthesis of a metal oxide semiconductor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:5652–5657
Krasko A, Gamulin V, Seack J, Steffen R, Schröder HC, Müller WEG (1997) Cathepsin, a major protease of the marine sponge Geodia cydonium: purification of the enzyme and molecular cloning of cDNA. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol 6:296–307
Krasko A, Lorenz B, Batel R, Schröder HC, Müller IM, Müller WEG (2000) Expression of silicatein and collagen genes in the marine sponge Suberites domuncula is controlled by silicate and myotrophin. Eur J Biochem 267:4878–4887
Krasko A, Schröder HC, Batel R, Grebenjuk VA, Steffen R, Müller IM, Müller WEG (2002) Iron induces proliferation and morphogenesis in primmorphs from the marine sponge Suberites domuncula. DNA Cell Biol 21:67–80
Kröger N, Sumper M (2000) The biochemistry of silica formation. In: Bäuerlein E (ed) Biomineralization from biology to biotechnology and medical application. Wiley–VCH, Weinheim, pp 151–170
Kröger N, Deutzmann R, Sumper M (1999) Polycationic peptides from diatom biosilica that direct silica nanosphere formation. Science 286:1129–1132
Kröger N, Deutzmann R, Bergsdorf C, Sumper M (2000) Species-specific polyamines from diatoms control silica morphology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:14133–14138
Kröger N, Deutzmann R, Sumper M (2001) Silica-precipitating peptides from diatoms, the chemical structure of silaffin-1a from Cylindotheca fusiformis. J Biol Chem 276:26066–26070
Kröger N, Lorenz S, Brunner E, Sumper M (2002) Self-assembly of highly phosphorylated silaffins and their function in biosilica morphogenesis. Science 298:584–586
Kumar A, Whitesides GM (1993) Features of gold having micrometer to centimeter dimensions can be formed through a combination of stamping with an elastomeric stamp and an alkanethiol “ink” followed by chemical etching. Appl Phys Lett 63:2002–2004
Lee D, Cohen RE, Rubner MF (2005) Antibacterial properties of Ag nanoparticle loaded multilayers and formation of magnetically directed antibacterial microparticles. Langmuir 21:9651–9659
Mammen M, Choi SK, Whitesides GM (1998) Polyvalent interactions in biological systems: implications for design and use of multivalent ligands and inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed 37:2754–2794
Mann S, Archibald DD, Didymus JM, Douglas T, Heywood BR, Meldrum FC, Reeves NJ (1993) Crystallization at inorganic–organic interfaces: biominerals and biomimetic synthesis. Science 261:1286–1292
Mort JS (2002) Cathepsin L. In: Barrett AJ, Rawlings ND, Woessner JF (eds) Handbook of proteolytic enzymes. Academic, Amsterdam, pp 617–624
Müller WEG (1995) Molecular phylogeny of metazoa (animals): monophyletic origin. Naturwissenschaften 82:321–329
Müller WEG (1998) Molecular phylogeny of eumetazoa: genes in sponges [Porifera] give evidence for monophyly of animals. Prog Mol Subcell Biol 19:89–132
Müller WEG (2001) How was metazoan threshold crossed: the hypothetical urmetazoa. Comp Biochem Physiol 129(A):433–460
Müller WEG, Wiens M, Batel R, Steffen R, Borojevic R, Custodio RM (1999) Establishment of a primary cell culture from a sponge: primmorphs from Suberites domuncula. Mar Ecol Progr Ser 178:205–219
Müller WEG, Krasko A, Le Pennec G, Schröder HC (2003a) Biochemistry and cell biology of silica formation in sponges. Microsc Res Tech 62:368–377
Müller WEG, Krasko A, Le Pennec G, Steffen R, Wiens M, Ammar MSA, Müller IM, Schröder HC (2003b) Molecular mechanism of spicule formation in the demosponge Suberites domuncula: silicatein–collagen–myotrophin. Prog Mol Subcell Biol 33:195–221
Müller WEG, Wiens M, Adell T, Gamulin V, Schröder HC, Müller IM (2004) Bauplan of urmetazoa: basis of genetic complexity of metazoa. Int Rev Cytol 235:53–92
Müller WEG, Borejko A, Brandt D, Osinga R, Ushijima H, Hamer B, Krasko A, Xupeng C, Müller IM, Schröder HC (2005a) Selenium affects biosilica formation in the demosponge Suberites domuncula: effect on gene expression and spicule formation. FEBS 272:3838–3852
Müller WEG, Rothenberger M, Boreiko A, Tremel W, Reiber A, Schröder HC (2005b) Formation of siliceous spicules in the marine demosponge Suberites domuncula. Cell Tissue Res 321:285–297
Müller WEG, Belikov SI, Tremel W, Perry CC, Gieskes WWC, Boreiko A, Schröder HC (2006a) Siliceous spicules in marine demosponges (example Suberites domuncula). Micron 37:107–120
Müller WEG, Kaluzhnaya OV, Belikov SI, Rothenberger M, Schröder HC, Reiber A, Kaandorp JA, Manz B, Mietchen D, Volke F (2006b) Magnetic resonance imaging of the siliceous skeleton of the demosponge Lubomirskia baicalensis. J Struct Biol 153:31–41
Müller WEG, Wendt K, Geppert C, Wiens M, Reiber A, Schröder HC (2006c) Novel photoreception system in sponges? Unique transmission properties of the stalk spicules from the hexactinellid Hyalonema sieboldi. Biosens Bioelectron 21:1149–1155
Murr MM, Morse DE (2005) Fractal intermediates in the self-assembly of silicatein filaments. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:11657–11662
Nelson DM, Tréguer P, Brezinski MA, Leynaert A, Quéguiner B (1995) Production and dissolution of biogenic silica in the ocean: revised global estimates, comparison with regional data and relationship to biogenic sedimentation. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 9:359–372
Niederberger M, Garnweitner G, Krumeich F, Nesper R, Cölfen H, Antonietti M (2004) Tailoring the surface and solubility properties of nanocrystalline titania by a nonaqueous in situ functionalization process. Chem Mater 16:1202–1208
Nishimura Y, Kawabata T, Kato K (1988) Identification of latent procathepsins B and L in microsomal lumen: characterization of enzymatic activation and proteolytic processing in vitro. Arch Biochem Biophys 261:64–71
Pasteur L (1857) Mémoire sur la fermentation appelée lactique. Mém Soc Sci Agric et Arts 5:13–26
Patwardhan SV, Clarson SJ, Perry CC (2005) On the role(s) of additives in bioinspired silicification (feature article). Chem Commun 9:1113–1121
Patwardhan SV, Shiba K, Schröder HC, Müller WEG, Clarson SJ, Perry CC (2006) The interaction of ‘silicon’ with proteins—part 2. The role of bioinspired peptide and recombinant proteins in silica polymerisation. ASC Proceedings (in press)
Perović-Ottstadt S, Wiens M, Schröder HC, Batel R, Giovine M, Krasko A, Müller IM, Müller WEG (2005) Arginine kinase in the demosponge Suberites domuncula: regulation of its expression and catalytic activity by silicic acid. J Exp Biol 208:637–646
Perry CC (2003) Silicification: the process by which organisms capture and mineralize silica. Rev Mineral Geochem 54:291–327
Perry CC, Keeling-Tucker T (2000) Biosilicification: the role of the organic matrix in structure control. J Biol Inorg Chem 5:537–550
Perry CC, Belton D, Shafran K (2003) Studies of biosilicas; structural aspects, chemical principles, model studies and the future. Prog Mol Subcell Biol 33:269–299
Pfeifer K, Haasemann M, Gamulin V, Bretting H, Fahrenholz F, Müller WEG (1993) S-type lectins occur also in invertebrates: high conservation of the carbohydrate recognition domain in the lectin genes from the marine sponge Geodia cydonium. Glycobiology 3:179–184
Pisera A (2003) Some aspects of silica deposition in Lithistid demosponge desmas. Microsc Res Tech 62:312–326
Pisignano D, Maruccio G, Mele E, Persano L, Di Benedetto F, Cingolani R (2005) Polymer nanofibers by soft lithography. Appl Phys Lett 87:123109
Pozzolini M, Sturla L, Cerrano C, Bavestrello G, Camardella L, Parodi AM, Raheli F, Benatti U, Müller WEG, Giovine M (2004) Molecular cloning of silicatein gene from the marine sponge Petrosia ficiformis (Porifera, Demospongiae) and development of primmorphs as a model for biosilicification studies. Mar Biotechnol 6:594–603
Reilly JJ, Mason RW, Chen P, Joseph LJ, Sukhatme VP, Yee R, Chapman HA (1989) Synthesis and processing of cathepsin L, an elastase, by human alveolar macrophages. Biochem J 257:493–498
Rosidian A, Liu Y, Claus RO (1998) Ionic self-assembly of ultrahard ZrO2/polymer nanocomposite thin films. Adv Mater 10:1087–1091
Roth KM, Zhou Y, Yang W, Morse DE (2005) Bifunctional small molecules are biomimetic catalysts for silica synthesis at neutral pH. J Am Chem Soc 127:325–330
Sanford F (2003) Physical and chemical analysis of the siliceous skeleton in six sponges of two groups (Demospongiae and Hexactinellida). Micr Res Techn 62:336–355
Sato S, Nakamura R, Abe S (2005) Visible-light sensitization of TiO2 photocatalysts by wet-method N doping. Appl Catal A 284:131–137
Schröder HC, Krasko A, Batel R, Skorokhod A, Pahler S, Kruse M, Müller IM, Müller WEG (2000) Stimulation of protein (collagen) synthesis in sponge cells by a cardiac myotrophin-related molecule from Suberites domuncula. FASEB J 14:2022–2031
Schröder HC, Krasko A, Le Pennec G, Adell T, Wiens M, Hassanein H, Müller IM, Müller WEG (2003) Silicase, an enzyme which degrades biogenous amorphous silica: contribution to the metabolism of silica deposition in the demosponge Suberites domuncula. Prog Mol Subcell Biol 33:250–268
Schröder HC, Perović-Ottstadt S, Rothenberger M, Wiens M, Schwertner H, Batel R, Korzhev M, Müller IM, Müller WEG (2004a) Silica transport in the demosponge Suberites domuncula: fluorescence emission analysis using the PDMPO probe and cloning of a potential transporter. Biochem J 381:665–673
Schröder HC, Perović-Ottstadt S, Wiens M, Batel R, Müller IM, Müller WEG (2004b) Differentiation capacity of the epithelial cells in the sponge Suberites domuncula. Cell Tissue Res 316:271–280
Schröder HC, Boreiko O, Krasko A, Reiber A, Schwertner H, Müller WEG (2005a) Mineralisation of SaOS-2 cells on enzymatically (silicatein) modified bioactive osteoblast-stimulating surfaces. J Biomed Materi Res B Appl Biomater 75B:387–392
Schröder HC, Perović-Ottstadt S, Grebenjuk VA, Engel S, Müller IM, Müller WEG (2005b) Biosilica formation in spicules of the sponge Suberites domuncula: synchronous expression of a gene cluster. Genomics 85:666–678
Schröder HC, Boreiko A, Korzhev M, Tahir MN, Tremel W, Eckert C, Ushijima H, Müller IM, Müller WEG (2006) Co-expression and functional interaction of silicatein with galectin: matrix-guided formation of siliceous spicules in the marine demosponge Suberites domuncula. J Biol Chem 281:12001–12009
Schulze FE (1904) Hexactinellida. Wiss Ergebn der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition. Gustav Fischer, Jena
Schulze FE, Lendenfeld Rv (1889) Die Bezeichnung der Spongiennadeln. Georg Reimer, Berlin
Schwab DW, Shore RE (1971) Fine structure and composition of a siliceous sponge spicule. Biol Bull 140:125–136
Senapati S, Ahmad A, Khan MI, Sastry M, Kumar R (2005) Extracellular biosynthesis of bimetallic Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles. Small 1:517–520
Sgarbi N, Pisignano D, Di Benedetto F, Gigli G, Cingolani R, Rinaldi R (2004) Self-assembled extracellular matrix protein networks by microcontact printing. Biomaterials 25:1349–1353
Shankar SS, Rai A, Ankamwar B, Singh A, Ahmad A, Sastry M (2004) Biological synthesis of triangular gold nanoprisms. Nature Mater 3:482–488
Shimizu K, Cha J, Stucky GD, Morse DE (1998) Silicatein alpha: cathepsin l-like protein in sponge biosilica. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:6234–6238
Simpson TL (1984) The cell biology of sponges. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Simpson TL, Refolo LM, Kaby M (1979) Effects of germanium on the morphology of silica deposition in a freshwater sponge. J Morphol 159:343–354
Simpson TL, Gil M, Connes R, Diaz JP, Paris J (1985) Effects of germanium (Ge) on the silica spicules of the marine sponge Suberites domuncula: transformation of the spicule type. J Morphol 183:117–128
Sly WS, Hu PY (1995) Human carbonic anhydrases and carbonic anhydrase deficiencies. Annu Rev Biochem 64:375–401
Spallanzani L, Senebier J (1784) Experiences sur la Digestion de l’Homme et de Différentes especes d’Animaux. B. Chirol, Geneve
Song MY, Kim DK, Ihn KJ, Jo SM, Kim DY (2004) Electrospun TiO2 electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Nanotechnology 15:1861–1865
Stober W, Fink A, Bohn E (1968) Controlled growth of monodisperse silica spheres in the micron size range. J Colloid Interface Sci 26:62–69
Sumerel JL, Yang W, Kisailus D, Weaver JC, Choi JH, Morse DE (2003) Biocatalytic structure-directing synthesis of titanium dioxide. Chem Mater 15:4804–4809
Sun Q, Vrieling EG, van Santen RA, Sommerdijk NAJM (2004) Bioinspired synthesis of mesoporous silicas. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 8:111–120
Tahir MN, Théato P, Müller WEG, Schröder HC, Janshoff A, Zhang J, Huth J, Tremel W (2004) Monitoring the formation of biosilica catalysed by histidine-tagged silicatein. Chem Commun 2004:2848–2849
Tahir MN, Théato P, Müller WEG, Schröder HC, Borejko A, Faiß S, Janshoff A, Huth J, Tremel W (2005a) Formation of layered titania and zirconia catalysed by surface-bound silicatein. Chem Commun 28:5533–5535
Tahir MN, Eberhardt M, Theato P, Faiß S, Janshoff A, Gorelik T, Kolb U, Tremel W (2005b) Reactive polymers: a versatile toolbox for the immobilization of functional molecules on TiO2 nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:908–912
Tahir MN, Eberhardt M, Therese HA, Kolb U, Theato P, Müller WEG, Schröder HC, Tremel W (2006) From single molecules to nanoscopically structured functional materials: Au nanocrystal growth on TiO2 nanowires controlled by surface bound silicatein. Angew Chem Int E 45:4803–4809
Tang J, Birkedal H, McFarland EW, Stucky GD (2003) Self-assembly of CdSe/CdS quantum dots by hydrogen bonding on Au surfaces for photoreception. Chem Commun 45:4803–4809
Tao K, Stearns NA, Dong J, Wu Q, Sahagian GG (1994) The proregion of cathepsin L is required for proper folding, stability and ER exit. Arch Biochem Biophys 311:19–27
Tolbert SH, Firouzi A, Stucky GD, Chmelka BF (1997) Magnetic field alignment of ordered silicate-surfactant composites and mesoporous silica. Science 278:264–268
Tomczak MM, Glawe DD, Drummy LF, Lawrence CG, Stone MO, Perry CC, Pochan DJ, Deming TJ, Naik RR (2005) Polypeptide-templated synthesis of hexagonal silica platelets. J Am Chem Soc 127:12577–12582
Uriz MJ, Turon X, Becerro MA (2000) Silica deposition in Demospongiae: spiculogenesis in Crambe crambe. Cell Tissue Res 301:299–309
Uriz MJ, Turon X, Beccero MA (2003a) Silica deposition in demosponges. Prog Mol Subcell Biol 33:163–193
Uriz MJ, Turon X, Becerro MA, Agell G (2003b) Siliceous spicules and skeleton frameworks in sponges: origin, diversity, ultrastructural patterns, and biological functions. Micr Res Techn 62:279–299
Vogel S (1977) Current-induced flow through living sponges in nature. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:2069–2071
Wang X, Wang Y (2006) An introduction to the study on natural characteristics of sponge spicules and bionic applications. Advances in Earth Science 21:37–42
Weaver J, Morse DE (2003) Molecular biology of demosponge axial filaments and their roles in biosilification. Micr Res Techn 62:356–367
Weissenfels N (1989) Biologie und Mikroskopische Anatomie der Süßwasserschwämme (Spongillidae). Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart
Weissenfels N, Landschoff HW (1977) Bau und Funktion des Süßwasserschwammes Ephydatia fluviatilis L. (Porifera). IV. Die Entwicklung der monaxialen SiO2-Nadeln in Sandwich-Kulturen. Zool Jahrb Abt Anat 98:355–371
Wiens M, Belikov SI, Krasko A, Kaluzhnaya OV, Schröder HC, Perovic-Ottstadt S, Müller WEG (2006) Molecular control of serial module formation along the apical-basal axis in the sponge Lubomirskia baicalensis: silicateins, mannose-binding lectin and mago nashi. Dev Genes Evol 216:229–242
Willner I, Katz E (2000) Integration of layered redox proteins and conductive supports for bioelectronic applications. Angew Chem Int Ed 39:1180–1218
Willner I, Katz E, Willner B, Blonder R, Heleg-Shabtai V, Bückmann AF (1997) Assembly of functionalized monolayers of redox proteins on electrode surfaces: novel bioelectronic and optobioelectronic systems. Biosens Bioelectron 12:337–356
Wink T, van Zuilen SJ, Bult A, van Bennekom WP (1997) Self-assembled monolayers for biosensors. Analyst 122:43–50
Wöhler F (1828) Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs. Annalen der Physik und Chemie 12:253–256
Yamamuro T, Hench LL, Wilson J (eds) (1990) Handbook on bioactive ceramics, vol I: bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Xia Y, Whitesides GM (1998) Soft lithography. Angew Chem Int Ed 37:550–575
Zhou Y, Shimizu K, Cha JN, Stucky GD, Morse DE (1999) Efficient catalysis of polysiloxane synthesis by silicatein α requires specific hydroxyl and imidazole functionalities. Angew Chem Int Ed 38:780–782
Zhu J, Li TL, Pan B, Zhou L, Liu ZG (2003) Enhanced dielectric properties of ZrO2 thin films prepared in nitrogen ambient by pulsed laser deposition. J Phys D Appl Phys 36:389–393
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by grants from the European Commission, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung Germany (project: Center of Excellence BIOTECmarin), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50402023) and the International Human Frontier Science Program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Werner E. G. Müller dedicated this study to Prof. Vera Gamulin (Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia) in honour of her unique contributions in molecular evolution.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Schröder, H.C., Brandt, D., Schloßmacher, U. et al. Enzymatic production of biosilica glass using enzymes from sponges: basic aspects and application in nanobiotechnology (material sciences and medicine). Naturwissenschaften 94, 339–359 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-006-0192-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-006-0192-0