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Radiologische Diagnose des femoroazetabulären Impingements

Radiological diagnosis of femoroacetabular impingement

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Zusammenfassung

Beim femoroazetabulären Impingement (FAI) bewirkt ein anatomisches Missverhältnis zwischen proximalem Femur und Azetabulum eine frühzeitige Abnützung der Gelenkflächen. Um Symptome wie eingeschränkte Beweglichkeit und Schmerzen zu beheben, aber auch um dem degenerativen Prozess vorzubeugen oder ihn zu verlangsamen, ist häufig eine Operation notwendig. Dabei hängt das Resultat vom präoperativen Gelenkstatus ab – mit schlechten Ergebnissen bei bereits fortgeschrittener Hüftgelenkarthrose. Dies erklärt die Notwendigkeit einer akkuraten Diagnostik, um Frühstadien der Gelenkschädigung erkennen zu können. Die Diagnostik des FAI beinhaltet klinische Untersuchung, Röntgendiagnostik und Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT). Die Standardröntgen-radiologische Untersuchung beim FAI wird anhand von 2 Röntgenaufnahmen durchgeführt, der a.p.-Beckenaufnahme sowie einer seitlichen Aufnahme des proximalen Femurs wie z. B. der“lateralen cross-table”- oder der Lauenstein-Aufnahme. Hierbei müssen Positionskriterien eingehalten werden, um Verzerrungsartefakte auszuschließen. Die MRT-Bildgebung ermöglicht eine Untersuchung der Hüfte in 3 Ebenen und sollte zudem radial geplante Sequenzen für eine verbesserte Darstellung der randnahen Strukturen wie Labrum und peripherem Knorpel beinhalten. Die Verwendung von Kontrastmittel für ein direktes MR-Arthrogramm (MRA) hat sich insbesondere für die Darstellung von Labrumschäden als vorteilhaft erwiesen. Die Datenlage in Hinblick auf die Knorpelbildgebung ist noch unklar. Weiterentwicklungen der Techniken werden in naher Zukunft die Diagnostik der Hüfte verbessern können. Hierzu zählen u. a. biochemisch sensitive MRT-Anwendungen.

Abstract

Femoroacetabular impingements (FAI) are due to an anatomical disproportion between the proximal femur and the acetabulum which causes premature wear of the joint surfaces. An operation is often necessary in order to relieve symptoms such as limited movement and pain as well as to prevent or slow down the degenerative process. The result is dependent on the preoperative status of the joint with poor results for advanced arthritis of the hip joint. This explains the necessity for an accurate diagnosis in order to recognize early stages of damage to the joint. The diagnosis of FAI includes clinical examination, X-ray examination and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The standard X-radiological examination for FAI is carried out using two X-ray images, an anterior-posterior view of the pelvis and a lateral view of the proximal femur, such as the cross-table lateral or Lauenstein projections. It is necessary that positioning criteria are adhered to in order to avoid distortion artifacts. MRI permits an examination of the pelvis on three levels and should also include radial planned sequences for improved representation of peripheral structures, such as the labrum and peripheral cartilage. The use of contrast medium for a direct MR arthrogram has proved to be advantageous particularly for representation of labrum damage. The data with respect to cartilage imaging are still unclear. Further developments in technology, such as biochemical-sensitive MRI applications, will be able to improve the diagnosis of the pelvis in the near future.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Abt. Orthopädische Chirurgie, Inselspital, Freiburgstraße, CH-3010, Bern, Schweiz

    T.C. Mamisch, K.A. Siebenrock & B. Bittersohl

  2. Abt. Radiologie, Klinik Sonnenhof, Bern, Schweiz

    T.C. Mamisch, S. Werlen & S. Trattnig

  3. Orthopädische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Deutschland

    C. Zilkens

  4. Childrens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Y.-J. Kim

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  1. T.C. Mamisch
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  2. S. Werlen
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  3. C. Zilkens
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Mamisch, T., Werlen, S., Zilkens, C. et al. Radiologische Diagnose des femoroazetabulären Impingements. Radiologe 49, 425–433 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-009-1833-z

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