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Visualisierung von Phantom- und Rückenschmerzen durch bildgebende Verfahren

Implikationen für die Behandlung

Visualisation of phantom pain and backpain using imaging techniques

Implication for treatment

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Zusammenfassung

Bei Patienten mit chronischen Rückenschmerzen findet sich eine erweiterte Repräsentation des Rückenareals im primären somatosensorischen Kortex, die mit der Chronizität zunimmt. Dieses „Schmerzgedächtnis“ dürfte einen wesentlichen Anteil an der Chronifizierung haben. Die Umorganisation funktioneller Hirnkarten lässt sich nicht bei schmerzfreien Amputierten nachweisen, und sie ist positiv mit der Stärke des Phantomschmerzes korreliert. Es wird ein Modell der Entstehung von Phantomschmerz dargestellt, bei dem vorhergehende chronische Schmerzzustände eine Rolle spielen. Die Modulation von Plastizität und Phantomschmerz durch anästhesiologische Intervention, NMDA-Antagonisten und Opioide sowie die perioperativen Gabe von NMDA-Antagonisten werden diskutiert. Verhaltensrelevante Stimulation, z. B. durch das Tragen einer myoelektrischen Prothese oder ein Wahrnehmungstraining, kann das Schmerzgedächtnis beeinflussen. Neuere Untersuchungen beziehen auch Hirnareale wie den Gyrus cinguli mit ein.

Abstract

If patients with chronic low back pain are stimulated in the painful region, an expanded representation of the back in the primary somatosensory cortex becomes visible that increases with chronicity. This “pain memory” might play an important role in the chronicity process. In patients with phantom limb pain, e.g. subsequent to the amputation of an arm or leg, a shift in the representation of neighboring areas into the deafferented area in primary somatosensory cortex has been observed. This reorganization of functional brain maps is not present in congenital amputees or amputees without phantom limb pain. The magnitude of such pain is positively correlated with this reorganization. We present a model of phantom limb pain that assigns an important role to pre-existing chronic pain. The modulation of plasticity and phantom limb pain by anesthesiological manipulation, the use of NMDA receptor antagonists and opioids is presented. Behaviorally relevant stimulation, e.g. by the use of a myoelectric prosthesis or sensory discrimination training can also influence the cortical somatosensory pain memory. More recent studies focus also on brain areas such as the cingulate gyrus believed to be involved in the affective processing of pain.

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Flor, H. Visualisierung von Phantom- und Rückenschmerzen durch bildgebende Verfahren. Orthopäde 33, 553–557 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-003-0614-z

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