Abstract
The measurement of nicotine and its major metabolites cotinine and trans-3´-hydroxicotinine together with other minor metabolites (e.g., cotinine N-oxide, cotinine, and trans-3´-hydroxicotinine glucuronides) in conventional and nonconventional biological matrices has been used as a biomarker to assess the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during childhood. The determination of these substances in matrices such as amniotic fluid, meconium, and fetal hair accounts for prenatal exposure to cigarette smoking at different stages of pregnancy. Nicotine and its metabolites in cord blood, neonatal urine, and breast milk are useful for determining acute exposure to drugs of abuse in the period immediately before and after delivery. Cotinine measurement in children’s blood and urine and nicotine and cotinine measurements in children’s hair constitute objective indexes of acute and chronic exposure during infancy, respectively. However, for monitoring and categorizing cumulative exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during the entire childhood, including the prenatal period, the assessment of nicotine in teeth has been proposed as a promising noninvasive tool. This article reviews the usefulness of measurement of nicotine and its metabolites in different fetal and pediatric biological matrices in light of noninvasive collection, time window of exposure detection, and finally clinical application in pediatrics.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- APCI:
-
atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
- ETS:
-
environmental tobacco smoke
- GC:
-
gas chromatography
- HPLC:
-
high-performance liquid chromatography
- LC:
-
liquid chromatography
- MS:
-
mass spectrometry
- MS/MS:
-
tandem mass spectrometry
- NPD:
-
nitrogen—phosphorus detection
- PPHN:
-
persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
- RIA:
-
radioimmunoassay
- SPE:
-
solid-phase extraction
References
Jha P, Ranson M, Nguyen S, Yach D (2002) Am J Public Health 92:1002–1006
DiFranza J, Aligne C, Weitzman M (2004) Pediatrics 113:1007–1015
Koren G (1995) Curr Opin Pediatr 7:128–131
Weitzman M, Byrd A, Aligne M (2002) Neurotoxicol Teratol 24:397–406
Samet JM (1994) Future Child 4(3):94–114
Wells A, English S, Posner L et al (1998) Am J Public Health 88:1503–1509
Lozano J, García-Algar O, Vall O, de la Torre R, Scaravelli G, Pichini S (2007) Ther Drug Monit 29(6):711–734
Franchini M, Caruso C, Perico A, Pacifici R, Monleon T, Garcia-Algar O, Rossi S, Pichini S (2008) Acta Paediatr 97(5):546–550
Bearer C, Emerson RK, O’Riordan MA, Roitman E, Shackleton C (1997) Environ Health Perspect 105:202–206
Chazeron I, Daval S, Ughetto S, Richard D, Nicolay A, Lemery D, Llorca PM, Coudoré F (2008) Pulm Pharmacol Ther 21(3):485–488
Perkins SL, Belcher JM, Livesey JF (1997) Can J Public Health 88(4):232–237
Perkins SL, Livesey JF, Escares EA, Belcher JM, Dudley DK (1991) Clin Chem 37(11):1989–1993
Nafstad P, Kongerud J, Botten G, Urdal P, Silsand T, Pedersen BS, Jaakkola JJ (1996) Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 75(10):902–907
Puig C, Garcia-Algar O, Monleon T, Pacifici R, Zuccaro P, Sunyer J, Figueroa C, Pichini S, Vall O (2008) BMC Public Health 8:47
Pichini S, Basagaña XB, Pacifici R, Garcia O, Puig C, Vall O, Harris J, Zuccaro P, Segura J, Sunyer J (2000) Environ Health Perspect 108(11):1079–1083
Chiu HT, Wu HDI, Kuo HW (2008) Sci Total Environ 406(1–2):331–336
Florek E, Breborowicz GH, Lechowicz W, Wachowiak A, Basior A, Wolna M, Hubert A, Seńczuk M (2006) Przegl Lek 63(10):900–906
Wu FY, Chiu HT, Wu HD, Lin CJ, Lai JS, Kuo HW (2008) Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 22(3):296–301
Kuo HW, Yang JS, Chiu MC (2002) J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 768(2):297–303
Mansi G, Raimondi F, Pichini S, Capasso L, Sarno M, Zuccaro P, Pacifici R, Garcia-Algar O, Romano A, Paludetto R (2007) Pediatr Res 61(2):257–261
Dahlström A, Lundell B, Curvall M, Thapper L (1990) Acta Paediatr Scand 79(2):142–147
Curvall M, Kazemi-Vala E, Enzell CR (1982) J Chromatogr 232:283–293
Van Vunakis H, Gijka HB, Langone JJ (1993) IARC Sci Publ 109:293–299
Köhler E, Bretschneider D, Rabsilber A, Weise W, Jorch G (2001) Hum Exp Toxicol 20(1):1–7
Zahlsen K, Nilsen OG (1994) Pharmacol Toxicol 75(3–4):143–149
Kintz P, Villain M, Cirimele V (2006) Ther Drug Monit 28(3):442–446
Kintz P, Kieffer I, Messer J, Mangin P (1993) J Forensic Sci 38(1):119–123
Kintz P, Mangin P (1993) Forensic Sci Int 63(1–3):99–104
Kintz P, Mangin P (1993) J Forensic Sci Soc 33(3):139–142
Nakahara Y (1999) J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 733(1–2):161–180
Eliopoulos C, Klein J, Phan MK, Knie B, Greenwald M, Chitayat D, Koren G (1994) JAMA 271(8):621–623
Eliopoulos C, Klein J, Chitayat D, Greenwald M, Koren G (1996) Clin Invest Med 19(4):231–242
Klein J, Koren G (1999) Hum Exp Toxicol 18(4):279–282
Jacqz-Aigrain E, Zhang D, Maillard G, Luton D, André J, Oury JF (2002) BJOG 109(8):909–911
Ryu HJ, Seong MW, Nam MH, Kong SY, Lee DH (2006) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 20(18):2781–2782
Seong MW, Hwang JH, Moon JS, Ryu HJ, Kong SY, Um TH, Park JG, Lee DH (2008) Am J Epidemiol 168(10):1140–1144
Palmeri A, Pichini S, Pacifici R, Zuccaro P, Lopez A (2000) Clin Pharmacokinet 38(2):95–110
Mari F, Politi L, Bertol E (2008) Forensic Sci Int 179(2–3):176–80
Langman J (1990) Langman’s medical embryology. Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 106–123
Pichini S, Altieri I, Zuccaro P, Pacifici R (1996) Clin Pharmacokinet 130:211–228
Szeto HH (1993) Clin Obstet Gynecol 36:246–254
Pacifici CM, Nottoli R (1995) Clin Pharmacokinet 28:235–269
Karmowski A, Sobiech KA, Dobek D, Terpiłowski L, Pałczyński B, Miś-Michałek M (1998) Ginekol Pol 69(3):115–122
Dobek D, Karmowski A, Sobiech KA, Terpiłowski L, Miś-Michałek M (1998) Arch Immunol Ther Exp 46(1):59–61
Luck W, Nau H, Hansen R, Steldinger R (1985) Dev Pharmacol Ther 8(6):384–95
Jordanov JS (1990) Eur J Pediatr 149(10):734–737
Jauniaux E, Gulbis B, Acharya G, Thiry P, Rodeck C (1999) Obstet Gynecol 93(1):25–29
Ostrea EM Jr, Knapp DK, Romero A, Montes M, Ostrea AR (1994) J Pediatr 124(3):471–476
Dempsey D, Moore C, Deitermann D, Lewis D, Feeley B, Niedbala RS (1999) Forensic Sci Int 102(2–3):167–171
Derauf C, Katz AR, Easa D (2003) Am J Epidemiol 158(7):705–709
Sherif NA, Kamel SM, Al-Ashkar OS, Sharaki OA, Seif EA, Hegazy EA (2004) East Mediterr Health J 10(1–2):96–105
Baranowski J, Pochopie G, Baranowska I (1998) J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 707(1–2):317–321
Köhler E, Avenarius S, Rabsilber A, Gerloff C, Jorch C (2007) Hum Exp Toxicol 26(6):535–544
Gray TR, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA (2008) J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 863(1):107–114
Gray TR, Magri R, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA (2008) Clin Chem 54(12):2018–2027
Atkinson HC, Begg EJ, Darlow BA (1988) Clin Pharmacokinet 14(4):217–240
Steldinger R (1988) J Perinat Med 16(3):261–262
Ferguson B, Wilson DJ, Schaffner W (1976) Am J Dis Child 130(8):837–839
Luck W, Nau H (1984) Br J Clin Pharmacol 18(1):9–15
Schwartz-Bickenbach D, Schulte-Hobein B, Abt S, Plum C, Nau H (1987) Toxicol Lett 35(1):73–81
Becker AB, Manfreda J, Ferguson AC, Dimich-Ward H, Watson WT, Chan-Yeung M (1999) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 153(7):689–91
Schulte-Hobein B, Schwartz-Bickenbach D, Abt S, Plum C, Nau H (1992) Acta Paediatr 81(6–7):550–557
Dickson PH, Lind A, Studts P, Nipper HC, Makoid M, Therkildsen D (1994) J Forensic Sci 39(1):207–214
Page-Sharp M, Hale TW, Hackett LP, Kristensen JH, Ilett KF (2003) J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 796(1):173–180
Ilett KF, Hale TW, Page-Sharp M, Kristensen JH, Kohan R, Hackett LP (2003) Clin Pharmacol Ther 74(6):516–524
Dahlström A, Ebersjö C, Lundell B (2004) Acta Paediatr 93(6):810–816
Aresta A, Palmisano F, Zambonin CG (2005) Food Chem 93(1):177–181
Pellegrini M, Marchei E, Rossi S, Vagnarelli F, Durgbanshi A, García-Algar O, Vall O, Pichini S (2007) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 21(16):2693–2703
Vagnarelli F, Amarri S, Scaravelli G, Pellegrini M, Garcia-Algar O, Pichini S (2006) Ther Drug Monit 28(5):585–588
Dahlström A, Ebersjö C, Lundell B (2008) Acta Paediatr 97(8):1075–1079
Kataoka H, Inoue R, Yagi K, Saito K (2009) J Pharm Biomed Anal 49(1):108–114
Man CN, Gam LH, Ismail S, Lajis R, Awang R (2006) J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci 844(2):322–327
Florescu A, Ferrence R, Einarson T, Selby P, Soldin O, Koren G (2009) Ther Drug Monit 31(1):14–30
Rop PP, Grimaldi F, Oddoze C, Viala A (1993) J Chromatogr 612:302–309
Nafstad P, Botten G, Hagen JA, Zahlsen K, Nilsen OG, Silsand T, Kongerud J (1995) Int J Epidemiol 24(1):88–94
Leong JW, Dore ND, Shelley K, Holt EJ, Laing IA, Palmer LJ, LeSouef PN (1998) Pulm Pharmacol Ther 11(4):287–290
Haufroid V, Lison D (1998) Int Arch Occup Environ Health 71(3):162–168
Heinrich-Ramm R, Wegner R, Garde AH, Baur X (2002) Int J Hyg Environ Health 205(6):493–499
Feyerabend C, Bryant AE, Jarvis MJ, Russell MA (1986) J Pharm Pharmacol 38(12):917–919
Langone JJ, Cook G, Bjercke RJ, Lifschitz MH (1988) J Immunol Methods 114(1–2):73–78
Langone JJ, Gijka HB, Van Vunakis H (1973) Biochemistry 12:500–530
Peterson EL, Johnson CC, Ownby DR (1997) J Clin Epidemiol 50(8):917–923
Henderson FW, Reid HF, Morris R, Wang OL, Hu PC, Helms RW, Forehand L, Mumford J, Lewtas J, Haley NJ (1989) Am Rev Respir Dis 140:197–201
Hariharan M, Van Noord T (1991) Clin Chem 37:1276–1280
Zuccaro P, Altieri I, Rosa M, Passa AR, Pichini S, Pacifici R (1995) J Chromatogr 668:187–188
Köhler E, Sollich V, Schuster R, Thal W (1999) Hum Exp Toxicol 18:212–217
Bazylak G, Brózik H, Sabanty W (2000) J Pharm Biomed Anal 24(1):113–123
James H, Tizabi Y, Taylor R (1998) J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 708(1–2):87–93
Stepans MB, Fuller SG (1999) Clin Nurs Res 8(3):198–218
Greenberg RA, Haley NJ, Etzel RA, Loda FA (1984) N Engl J Med 310(17):1075–1078
Matt GE, Quintana PJ, Hovell MF, Bernert JT, Song S, Novianti N, Juarez T, Floro J, Gehrman C, Garcia M, Larson S (2004) Tob Control 13(1):29–37
Bernert JT Jr, Turner WE, Pirkle JL, Sosnoff CS, Akins JR, Waldrep MK, Ann Q, Covey TR, Whitfield WE (1997) Clin Chem 43:2281–2291
Matt GE, Quintana PJ, Liles S, Hovell MF, Zakarian JM, Jacob P 3rd, Benowitz NL (2006) Biomarkers 11(6):507–523
Boyaci H, Etiler N, Duman C, Basyigit I, Pala A (2006) Pediatr Int 48:382–389
Joseph DV, Jackson JA, Westaway J, Taub NA, Petersen SA, Wailoo MP (2007) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal 92(6):F484–488
Anuntaseree W, Mo-Suwan L, Ovatlarnporn C, Tantana C, Ma-a-Lee A (2008) Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 80(1):34–37
Ceppa F, El Jahiri Y, Mayaudon H, Dupuy O, Burnat P (2000) J Chromatogr 746:115–122
Luck W, Nau H (1987) Eur J Pediatr 146(1):21–26
Cone EJ (1993) Ann N Y Acad 694:91–127
Coultas DB, Howard CA, Peake GT, Skipper BJ (1987) Am Rev Respir Dis 136:305–309
Ronchetti R, Bonci E, de Castro G, Signoretti F, Macrì F, Ciofetta GC, Villa MP, Indinnimeo L, Martinez FD (1994) Eur Respir J 7(3):472–476
Jarvis MJ, Russell MA, Feyerabend C, Eiser JR, Morgan M, Gammage P, Gray EM (1985) Br Med J 291(6500):927–929
Feyerabend C, Russell MAH (1990) J Pharm Pharmacol 42:450–452
de Suárez López Vergara RG, Galván-Fernández C, Oliva-Hernández C, Domenech Martínez E, Barroso Guerrero F (1999) Rev Clin Esp 199(6):362–365
McAdams SA, Cordeiro ML (1993) J Chromatogr 615(1):148–153
Bentley MC, Abrar M, Kelk M, Cook J, Phillips K (1999) J Chromatogr B 723:185–194
Florescu A, Ferrence R, Einarson TR, Selby P, Kramer M, Woodruff S, Grossman L, Rankin A, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Koren G (2007) Ther Drug Monit 29(4):437–446
Pichini S, Altieri I, Pellegrini M, Pacifici R, Zuccaro P (1997) Forensic Sci Int 84(1–3):243–252
Nafstad P, Jaakkola JJ, Hagen JA, Zahlsen K, Magnus P (1997) J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 7(2):235–239
Al-Delaimy WK, Crane J, Woodward A (2000) J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 10(4):378–384
Al-Delaimy WK, Crane J, Woodward A (2001) Arch Environ Health 56(2):117–122
Wood T, Wewers ME, Groner J, Ahijevych K (2004) Nicotine Tob Res 6(5):853–862
Al-Delaimy WK, Crane J, Woodward A (2002) J Epidemiol Community Health 56(1):66–71
Knight JM, Eliopoulos C, Klein J, Greenwald M, Koren G (1998) J Asthma 35(1):113–117
Spanier AJ, Hornung R, Lierl M, Lanphear BP (2006) J Pediatr 149(2):220–226
Conway TL, Woodruff SI, Edwards CC, Hovell MF, Klein J (2004) Tob Control 13:90–92
Woodruff SI, Conway TL, Elder JP, Hovell MF (2007) Am J Health Promot 22(2):93–97
Woodruff SI, Conway TL, Edwards CC, Hovell MF (2003) Nicotine Tob Res 5(3):375–385
Wilson SE, Kahn RS, Khoury J, Lanphear BP (2005) Environ Health Perspect 113(3):362–367
Wilson SE, Kahn RS, Khoury J, Lanphear BP (2007) Chest 131(3):856–862
Groner JA, Hoshaw-Woodard S, Koren G, Klein J, Castile R (2005) Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 159(5):450–455
Haustein KO (1994) Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 32(9):483–487
Pascual JA, Diaz D, Segura J, Garcia-Algar O, Vall O, Zuccaro P, Pacifici R, Pichini S (2003) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 17:2853–2855
Garcia-Algar O, Vall O, Segura J, Pascual JA, Diaz D, Mutnoz L, Zuccaro P, Pacifici R, Pichini S (2003) JAMA 290(2):196–197
Marchei E, Joya X, Garcia-Algar O, Vall O, Pacifici R, Pichini S (2008) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22:2609–2612
Gray T, Huestis M (2007) Anal Bioanal Chem 388:1455–1465
Kintz P (1992) J Chromatogr 580(1–2):347–353
Mahoney GN, Al-Delaimy W (2001) J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 753(2):179–187
Sorensen M, Bisgaard H, Stage M, Loft S (2007) Biomarkers 12(1):38–46
Maziak W, Ali RA, Fouad MF, Rastam S, Wipfli H, Travers MJ, Ward KD, Eissenberg T (2008) Inhal Toxicol 20:17–24
Wipfli H, Avila-Tang E, Navas-Acien A, Kim S, Onicescu G, Yuan J, Breysse P, Samet JM (2008) Am J Public Health 98(4):672–679
Hegstad S, Khiabani HZ, Kristoffersen L, Kunøe N, Lobmaier PP, Christophersen AS (2008) J Anal Toxicol 32(5):364–372
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Llaquet, H., Pichini, S., Joya, X. et al. Biological matrices for the evaluation of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during prenatal life and childhood. Anal Bioanal Chem 396, 379–399 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-2831-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-009-2831-8