Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Multicomponent Training Program with Weight-Bearing Exercises Elicits Favorable Bone Density, Muscle Strength, and Balance Adaptations in Older Women

  • Published:
Calcified Tissue International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Physical exercise is advised as a preventive and therapeutic strategy against aging-induced bone weakness. In this study we examined the effects of 8-month multicomponent training with weight-bearing exercises on different risk factors of falling, including muscle strength, balance, agility, and bone mineral density (BMD) in older women. Participants were randomly assigned to either an exercise-training group (ET, n = 30) or a control group (CON, n = 30). Twenty-seven subjects in the ET group and 22 in the CON group completed the study. Training was performed twice a week and was designed to load bones with intermittent and multidirectional compressive forces and to improve physical function. Outcome measures included lumbar spine and proximal femoral BMD (by dual X-ray absorptiometry), muscle strength, balance, handgrip strength, walking performance, fat mass, and anthropometric data. Potential confounding variables included dietary intake, accelerometer-based physical activity, and molecularly defined lactase nonpersistence. After 8 months, the ET group decreased percent fat mass and improved handgrip strength, postural sway, strength on knee flexion at 180°/s, and BMD at the femoral neck (+2.8%). Both groups decreased waist circumference and improved dynamic balance, chair stand performance, strength on knee extension for the right leg at 180°/s, and knee flexion for both legs at 60°/s. No associations were found between lactase nonpersistence and BMD changes. Data suggest that 8 months of moderate-impact weight-bearing and multicomponent exercises reduces the potential risk factors for falls and related fractures in older women.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Carter ND, Kannus P, Khan KM (2001) Exercise in the prevention of falls in older people: a systematic literature review examining the rationale and the evidence. Sports Med 31:427–438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kannus P, Sievanen H, Palvanen M, Jarvinen T, Parkkari J (2005) Prevention of falls and consequent injuries in elderly people. Lancet 366:1885–1893

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Peeters G, van Schoor NM, Lips P (2009) Fall risk: the clinical relevance of falls and how to integrate fall risk with fracture risk. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 23:797–804

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Howe TE, Rochester L, Jackson A, Banks PM, Blair VA (2007) Exercise for improving balance in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD004963

  5. Gillespie LD, Gillespie WJ, Robertson MC, Lamb SE, Cumming RG, Rowe BH (2009) WITHDRAWN: interventions for preventing falls in elderly people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD000340

  6. Karinkanta S, Heinonen A, Sievanen H, Uusi-Rasi K, Pasanen M, Ojala K, Fogelholm M, Kannus P (2007) A multi-component exercise regimen to prevent functional decline and bone fragility in home-dwelling elderly women: randomized, controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 18:453–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Niu K, Ahola R, Guo H, Korpelainen R, Uchimaru J, Vainionpaa A, Sato K, Sakai A, Salo S, Kishimoto K, Itoi E, Komatsu S, Jamsa T, Nagatomi R (2010) Effect of office-based brief high-impact exercise on bone mineral density in healthy premenopausal women: the Sendai Bone Health Concept Study. J Bone Miner Metab 28:568–577

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Vainionpaa A, Korpelainen R, Vihriala E, Rinta-Paavola A, Leppaluoto J, Jamsa T (2006) Intensity of exercise is associated with bone density change in premenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 17:455–463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kung AW, Huang QY (2007) Genetic and environmental determinants of osteoporosis. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 7:26–32

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Daly RM, Ahlborg HG, Ringsberg K, Gardsell P, Sernbo I, Karlsson MK (2008) Association between changes in habitual physical activity and changes in bone density, muscle strength, and functional performance in elderly men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc 56:2252–2260

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Harris TJ, Owen CG, Victor CR, Adams R, Ekelund U, Cook DG (2009) A comparison of questionnaire, accelerometer, and pedometer: measures in older people. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41:1392–1402

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Englund U, Littbrand H, Sondell A, Pettersson U, Bucht G (2005) A 1-year combined weight-bearing training program is beneficial for bone mineral density and neuromuscular function in older women. Osteoporos Int 16:1117–1123

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ebrahim S, Thompson PW, Baskaran V, Evans K (1997) Randomized placebo-controlled trial of brisk walking in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Age Ageing 26:253–260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Obermayer-Pietsch BM, Bonelli CM, Walter DE, Kuhn RJ, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Berghold A, Goessler W, Stepan V, Dobnig H, Leb G, Renner W (2004) Genetic predisposition for adult lactose intolerance and relation to diet, bone density, and bone fractures. J Bone Miner Res 19:42–47

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Enattah N, Pekkarinen T, Valimaki MJ, Loyttyniemi E, Jarvela I (2005) Genetically defined adult-type hypolactasia and self-reported lactose intolerance as risk factors of osteoporosis in Finnish postmenopausal women. Eur J Clin Nutr 59:1105–1111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Enattah NS, Sulkava R, Halonen P, Kontula K, Jarvela I (2005) Genetic variant of lactase-persistent C/T-13910 is associated with bone fractures in very old age. J Am Geriatr Soc 53:79–82

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Rikli RE, Jones CJ (1999) Development and validation of a functional fitness test for community-residing older adults. J Aging Phys Activ 7:129–161

    Google Scholar 

  18. Bohannon RW (1994) One-legged balance test times. Percept Mot Skills 78:801–802

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Copeland JL, Esliger DW (2009) Accelerometer assessment of physical activity in active, healthy older adults. J Aging Phys Act 17:17–30

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, Skinner JS (2009) American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41:1510–1530

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S (2007) MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24:1596–1599

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Mazumdar S, Liu KS, Houck PR, Reynolds CF 3rd (1999) Intent-to-treat analysis for longitudinal clinical trials: coping with the challenge of missing values. J Psychiatr Res 33:87–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hourigan SR, Nitz JC, Brauer SG, O’Neill S, Wong J, Richardson CA (2008) Positive effects of exercise on falls and fracture risk in osteopenic women. Osteoporos Int 19:1077–1086

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Sherrington C, Whitney JC, Lord SR, Herbert RD, Cumming RG, Close JC (2008) Effective exercise for the prevention of falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 56:2234–2243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Carvalho MJ, Marques E, Mota J (2008) Training and detraining effects on functional fitness after a multicomponent training in older women. Gerontology 55:41–48

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Rubenstein LZ, Josephson KR, Trueblood PR, Loy S, Harker JO, Pietruszka FM, Robbins AS (2000) Effects of a group exercise program on strength, mobility, and falls among fall-prone elderly men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 55:M317–M321

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Pluijm SMF, Smit JH, Tromp EAM, Stel VS, Deeg DJH, Bouter LM, Lips P (2006) A risk profile for identifying community-dwelling elderly with a high risk of recurrent falling: results of a 3-year prospective study. Osteoporos Int 17:417–425

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Robbins JA, Schott AM, Garnero P, Delmas PD, Hans D, Meunier PJ (2005) Risk factors for hip fracture in women with high BMD: EPIDOS study. Osteoporos Int 16:149–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Lamb SE, Gates S, Cumming RG, Rowe BH (2009) Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev:CD007146

  30. Park H, Kim KJ, Komatsu T, Park SK, Mutoh Y (2008) Effect of combined exercise training on bone, body balance, and gait ability: a randomized controlled study in community-dwelling elderly women. J Bone Miner Metab 26:254–259

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Marques E, Carvalho J, Soares JM, Marques F, Mota J (2009) Effects of resistance and multicomponent exercise on lipid profiles of older women. Maturitas 63:84–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Burr DB, Robling AG, Turner CH (2002) Effects of biomechanical stress on bones in animals. Bone 30:781–786

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hsieh YF, Wang T, Turner CH (1999) Viscoelastic response of the rat loading model: implications for studies of strain-adaptive bone formation. Bone 25:379–382

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lanyon L, Skerry T (2001) Postmenopausal osteoporosis as a failure of bone’s adaptation to functional loading: a hypothesis. J Bone Miner Res 16:1937–1947

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Priemel M, Schilling AF, Haberland M, Pogoda P, Rueger JM, Amling M (2002) Osteopenic mice: animal models of the aging skeleton. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2:212–218

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Cheng S, Sipila S, Taaffe DR, Puolakka J, Suominen H (2002) Change in bone mass distribution induced by hormone replacement therapy and high-impact physical exercise in post-menopausal women. Bone 31:126–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Kemmler W, Lauber D, Weineck J, Hensen J, Kalender W, Engelke K (2004) Benefits of 2 years of intense exercise on bone density, physical fitness, and blood lipids in early postmenopausal osteopenic women: results of the Erlangen Fitness Osteoporosis Prevention Study (EFOPS). Arch Intern Med 164:1084–1091

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Vainionpaa A, Korpelainen R, Leppaluoto J, Jamsa T (2005) Effects of high-impact exercise on bone mineral density: a randomized controlled trial in premenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 16:191–197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Sugiyama T, Yamaguchi A, Kawai S (2002) Effects of skeletal loading on bone mass and compensation mechanism in bone: a new insight into the “mechanostat” theory. J Bone Miner Metab 20:196–200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Jessup JV, Horne C, Vishen RK, Wheeler D (2003) Effects of exercise on bone density, balance, and self-efficacy in older women. Biol Res Nurs 4:171–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Stewart KJ, Bacher AC, Hees PS, Tayback M, Ouyang P, Jan de Beur S (2005) Exercise effects on bone mineral density relationships to changes in fitness and fatness. Am J Prev Med 28:453–460

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Frost HM (1986) Intermediary organization of the skeleton. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

    Google Scholar 

  43. Cummings SR, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Browner W, Cauley J, Ensrud K, Genant HK, Palermo L, Scott J, Vogt TM (1993) Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Lancet 341:72–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Bass SL, Eser P, Daly R (2005) The effect of exercise and nutrition on the mechanostat. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 5:239–254

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Bacsi K, Kosa JP, Lazary A, Balla B, Horvath H, Kis A, Nagy Z, Takacs I, Lakatos P, Speer G (2009) LCT 13910 C/T polymorphism, serum calcium, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 20:639–645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Watts NB (2004) Fundamentals and pitfalls of bone densitometry using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Osteoporos Int 15:847–854

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Joana Campos for her kind support in genotyping assays and Norton Oliveira for his kind help in isokinetic strength tests. This research was funded by the Portuguese Foundation of Science and Technology, grant FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-009587—PTDC/DES/102094/2008. E. A. M. and J. M. are supported by grants from the Portuguese Foundation of Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/36319/2007 and SFRH/BSAB/1025/2010, respectively).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal

    Elisa A. Marques, Jorge Mota, Pedro Moreira & Joana Carvalho

  2. Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Leandro Machado & Filipa Sousa

  3. Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Margarida Coelho

  4. Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

    Pedro Moreira

Authors
  1. Elisa A. Marques
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jorge Mota
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Leandro Machado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Filipa Sousa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Margarida Coelho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Pedro Moreira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Joana Carvalho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elisa A. Marques.

Additional information

The authors have stated that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Marques, E.A., Mota, J., Machado, L. et al. Multicomponent Training Program with Weight-Bearing Exercises Elicits Favorable Bone Density, Muscle Strength, and Balance Adaptations in Older Women. Calcif Tissue Int 88, 117–129 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-010-9437-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-010-9437-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation