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Evolutionary Relationships in the Sand-Dwelling Cichlid Lineage of Lake Tanganyika Suggest Multiple Colonization of Rocky Habitats and Convergent Origin of Biparental Mouthbrooding

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Abstract

The cichlid species flock of Lake Tanganyika is comprised of seven seeding lineages that evolved in step with changes of the lake environment. One seeding lineage diversified into at least six lineages within a short period of time. Our study focuses on the diversification of one of these lineages, the Ectodini, comprising highly specialized, sand- and rock-dwelling species. They display two distinct breeding styles: maternal and biparental mouthbrooding. By analyzing three mtDNA gene segments in 30 species representing all 13 described genera, we show that the Ectodini rapidly diversified into four clades at the onset of their radiation. The monotypic genus Grammatotria is likely to represent the most ancestral split, followed by the almost contemporary origin of three additional clades, the first comprising the benthic genus Callochromis, the second comprising the benthic genera Asprotilapia, Xenotilapia, Enantiopus, and Microdontochromis, and the third comprising the semi-pelagic genera Ophthalmotilapia, Cardiopharynx, Cyathopharynx, Ectodus, Aulonocranus, Lestradea, and Cunningtonia. Our study confirms the benthic and sand-dwelling life-style as ancestral. Rocky habitats were colonized independently in the Xenotilapia- and Ophthalmotilapia-clade. The Xenotilapia-clade comprises both maternal and biparental mouthbrooders. Their mode of breeding appears to be highly plastic: biparental mouthbrooding either evolved once in the common ancestor of the clade, to be reverted at least three times, or evolved at least five times independently from a maternally mouthbrooding ancestor. Furthermore, the genera Xenotilapia, Microdontochromis, Lestradea, and Ophthalmotilapia appeared paraphyletic in our analyses, suggesting the need of taxonomic revision.

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Acknowledgements

We thank N. Duftner and S. Weiss, whose comments and suggestions helped to improve the manuscript. Special thanks go to J. Snoeks from the Royal Africa Museum in Tervuren (Belgium) for species identification and A. Konings for the newest information on the breeding beahvior of the Ectodini. We are further grateful to B. Egger, B. Kirchberger, E. Verheyen, M. Hanssens, J. Snoeks, H. Phiri, L. Shapola, L. Makasa, and the team at the Mpulungu Station of the Ministry of Agriculture, and cooperatives, for their help during fieldwork. We also would like to thank P. Henninger and L. Onder for some fish samples and D.L. Swofford for providing us with the test versions of his computer program PAUP*. S.K. and C.S. were supported by the Austrian Science Foundation (Grant P15239). S.K. was also supported by the University of Innsbruck. W.S. was supported by the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the University Konstanz.

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Correspondence to Christian Sturmbauer.

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Koblmüller, S., Salzburger, W. & Sturmbauer, C. Evolutionary Relationships in the Sand-Dwelling Cichlid Lineage of Lake Tanganyika Suggest Multiple Colonization of Rocky Habitats and Convergent Origin of Biparental Mouthbrooding . J Mol Evol 58, 79–96 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-003-2527-1

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