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Imaging of prostate cancer local recurrences: why and how?

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Abstract

Objective

Because prostate cancer local recurrences can be efficiently treated by salvage therapies, it becomes critical to detect them early.

Methods

The first alert is the rise of the prostate specific antigen (PSA) level after the post-treatment nadir, which can correspond to a distant recurrence, a local recurrence or both. This so-called biochemical failure (BF) is defined as PSA level > 0.2 ng/ml after radical prostatectomy (RP) and PSA level > nadir + 2 ng/ml after radiotherapy. There is no consensual definition of BF after cryotherapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation or brachytherapy.

Results

Local recurrences after RP are treated by radiotherapy, those after radiotherapy by RP, cryotherapy, brachytherapy or HIFU ablation. Recurrences after cryotherapy or HIFU ablation can be treated by a second session or radiotherapy. Recurrences after brachytherapy are difficult to treat. In patients with BF, MRI can detect local recurrences, whatever the initial treatment was. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI seems particularly accurate. The role of spectroscopy remains controversial. Ultrasound-based techniques are less accurate, but this may change with the advent of ultrasonic contrast media.

Conclusion

These recent advances in imaging may improve the outcome of salvage therapies (by improving patient selection and treatment targeting) and should open the way to focal salvage treatments in the near future.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69003, France

    Olivier Rouvière & Denis Lyonnet

  2. Faculté de médecine Lyon Nord, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, 69003, France

    Olivier Rouvière & Denis Lyonnet

  3. Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Service d’imagerie urinaire et vasculaire, Lyon, 69003, France

    Olivier Rouvière, Thierry Vitry & Denis Lyonnet

  4. INSERM U 556, Lyon, 69424, France

    Olivier Rouvière & Denis Lyonnet

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  1. Olivier Rouvière
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Correspondence to Olivier Rouvière.

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Rouvière, O., Vitry, T. & Lyonnet, D. Imaging of prostate cancer local recurrences: why and how?. Eur Radiol 20, 1254–1266 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-009-1647-4

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