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Sex- and lineage-specific inheritance of depression-like behavior in the rat

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Abstract

The Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rat exhibits physiological and behavioral similarities to endophenotypes of human depression. In the forced swim test (FST), a well-characterized antidepressant-reversible test for behavioral despair in rodents, WKYs express characteristics of behavioral despair; increased immobility, and decreased climbing. To map genetic loci linked to behavior in the FST, we conducted a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of the segregating F2 generation of a WKY × Fisher 344 (F344) reciprocal intercross. Using linear-model-based genome scans to include covariate (sex or lineage)-by-QTL interaction effects, four significant QTL influencing climbing behavior were identified. In addition, we identified three, seven, and two suggestive QTL for climbing, immobility, and swimming, respectively. One of these loci was pleiotropic, affecting both immobility and climbing. As found in human linkage studies, several of these QTL showed sex- and/or lineage-dependent effects. A simultaneous search strategy identified three epistatic locus pairs for climbing. Multiple regression analysis was employed to characterize the joint contributions of these QTL and to clarify the sex- and lineage-dependent effects. As expected for complex traits, FST behavior is influenced by multiple QTL of small effect, each contributing 5%–10%, accounting for a total 10%–30% of the phenotypic variance. A number of loci mapped in this study share overlapping candidate regions with previously identified emotionality QTL in mice as well as with susceptibility loci recognized by linkage or genome scan analyses for major depression or bipolar disorder in humans. The presence of these loci across species suggests that these QTL may represent universal genetic factors contributing to mood disorders.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Mental Health (R0I MH60789). We thank Dr. William Pare for advice and discussion of the WKY rat and Kathryn Paige Harden for assistance in genotyping. JST is an investigator in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

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  1. Leah C. Solberg

    Present address: Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, United Kingdom

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA

    Leah C. Solberg, Amber E. Baum, Nasim Ahmadiyeh & Eva E. Redei

  2. Department of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA

    Amber E. Baum

  3. Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA

    Leah C. Solberg, Nasim Ahmadiyeh, Kazuhiro Shimomura, Fred W. Turek & Joseph S. Takahashi

  4. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, USA

    Nasim Ahmadiyeh, Kazuhiro Shimomura & Joseph S. Takahashi

  5. The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, 04609, USA

    Renhua Li & Gary A. Churchill

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  1. Leah C. Solberg
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Solberg, L.C., Baum, A.E., Ahmadiyeh, N. et al. Sex- and lineage-specific inheritance of depression-like behavior in the rat. Mamm Genome 15, 648–662 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-004-2326-z

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