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Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase genes from Arabidopsis with different sub-cellular localization affect stress responses

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Abstract

Arabidopsis thaliana belongs to those plants that do not naturally accumulate glycine betaine (GB), although its genome contains two genes, ALDH10A8 and ALDH10A9 that code for betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases (BADHs). BADHs were initially known to catalyze the last step of the biosynthesis of GB in plants. But they can also oxidize metabolism-derived aminoaldehydes to their corresponding amino acids in some cases. This study was carried out to investigate the functional properties of Arabidopsis BADH genes. Here, we have shown that ALDH10A8 and ALDH10A9 proteins are targeted to leucoplasts and peroxisomes, respectively. The expression patterns of ALDH10A8 and ALDH10A9 genes have been analysed under abiotic stress conditions. Both genes are expressed in the plant and weakly induced by ABA, salt, chilling (4°C), methyl viologen and dehydration. The role of the ALDH10A8 gene was analysed using T-DNA insertion mutants. There was no phenotypic difference between wild-type and mutant plants in the absence of stress. But ALDH10A8 seedlings and 4-week-old plants were more sensitive to dehydration and salt stress than wild-type plants. The recombinant ALDH10A9 enzyme was shown to oxidize betaine aldehyde, 4-aminobutyraldehyde and 3-aminopropionaldehyde to their corresponding carboxylic acids. We hypothesize that ALDH10A8 or ALDH10A9 may serve as detoxification enzymes controlling the level of aminoaldehydes, which are produced in cellular metabolism under stress conditions.

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Abbreviations

ABAL:

4-Aminobutyraldehyde

AMADH:

Aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase

APAL:

3-Aminopropionaldehyde

BADH:

Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase

CAO:

Copper amine oxidase

CDS:

Coding sequence

COX:

Choline oxidase

CMO:

Choline monooxygenase

GABA:

4-Aminobutyric acid

GB:

Glycine betaine

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

PAO:

Polyamine oxidase

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Acknowledgments

Financial support is gratefully acknowledged from the German Academic Exchange Service (Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst Dienst: DAAD) (fellowship to Tagnon D. Missihoun) and from the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft: DFG)–Arabidopsis Functional Genomics Network (AFGN) project (BA 712/3-3). We would like to thank Dr G. Jach for making the GFP vector pGJ280 available, Dr. G. Pilot for providing the binary vector pPTkan3, Dr. B. Buchen for advice on the microscopy and for critically reading the manuscript, Prof. Dr. A. Weber, University of Düsseldorf, for discussing betaine measurements. D.B. is a member of the European COST action INPAS (International Network of Abiotic Stress).

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  1. Jessica Schmitz

    Present address: Botanisches Institut, Biozentrum, Otto-Fischer-Str. 6, 50674, Cologne, Germany

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  1. Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany

    Tagnon D. Missihoun, Jessica Schmitz, Rebecca Klug, Hans-Hubert Kirch & Dorothea Bartels

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425_2010_1297_MOESM1_ESM.doc

Purification of the A. thaliana ALDH10A8 and ALDH10A9 recombinant proteins by His-tag affinity chromatography under native conditions. F0: total soluble fraction; Ft: Flow- through fraction; F1–F8: Eluted fractions (250 µl). Five microliters from each fraction were loaded onto the SDS-polyacrylamide gel (DOC 3270 kb)

425_2010_1297_MOESM2_ESM.doc

Expression of ALDH10A8 and ALDH10A9 in E. coli BL21 cells.(a) Growth in liquid medium. Cells harbouring empty pET28 (pET), pET-10A8 or pET-10A9 vectors were cultured in liquid LB medium supplemented with 1 mM H2O2 or 500 mM NaCl. Neither H2O2 (b) nor NaCl (c) were added to the control cultures (a). The expression of the recombinant protein was induced by adding IPTG to 0.1 mM final concentration. Cell density was determined at various time points as absorbance at 600 nm. Arrows indicate the time-point when H2O2 or NaCl were added (DOC 50 kb)

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Missihoun, T.D., Schmitz, J., Klug, R. et al. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase genes from Arabidopsis with different sub-cellular localization affect stress responses. Planta 233, 369–382 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-010-1297-4

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