Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Serum vitamins A and E as modifiers of lipid trait genetics in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys as part of the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study

  • Original Investigation
  • Published:
Human Genetics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Both environmental and genetic factors impact lipid traits. Environmental modifiers of known genotype–phenotype associations may account for some of the “missing heritability” of these traits. To identify such modifiers, we genotyped 23 lipid-associated variants identified previously through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in 2,435 non-Hispanic white, 1,407 non-Hispanic black, and 1,734 Mexican-American samples collected for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Along with lipid levels, NHANES collected environmental variables, including fat-soluble macronutrient serum levels of vitamin A and E levels. As part of the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study, we modeled gene–environment interactions between vitamin A or vitamin E and 23 variants previously associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels. We identified three SNP × vitamin A and six SNP × vitamin E interactions at a significance threshold of p < 2.2 × 10−3. The most significant interaction was APOB rs693 × vitamin E (p = 8.9 × 10−7) for LDL-C levels among Mexican-Americans. The nine significant interaction models individually explained 0.35–1.61 % of the variation in any one of the lipid traits. Our results suggest that vitamins A and E may modify known genotype–phenotype associations; however, these interactions account for only a fraction of the overall variability observed for HDL-C, LDL-C, and TG levels in the general population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson MJ, Robinson J (2001) Permutation tests for linear models. Aust NZ J Stat 43:75–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aulchenko YS, Ripatti S, Lindqvist I, Boomsma D, Heid IM, Pramstaller PP, Penninx BW, Janssens AC, Wilson JF, Spector T, Martin NG, Pedersen NL, Kyvik KO, Kaprio J, Hofman A, Freimer NB, Jarvelin MR, Gyllensten U, Campbell H, Rudan I, Johansson A, Marroni F, Hayward C, Vitart V, Jonasson I, Pattaro C, Wright A, Hastie N, Pichler I, Hicks AA, Falchi M, Willemsen G, Hottenga JJ, de Geus EJ, Montgomery GW, Whitfield J, Magnusson P, Saharinen J, Perola M, Silander K, Isaacs A, Sijbrands EJ, Uitterlinden AG, Witteman JC, Oostra BA, Elliott P, Ruokonen A, Sabatti C, Gieger C, Meitinger T, Kronenberg F, Doring A, Wichmann HE, Smit JH, McCarthy MI, van Duijn CM, Peltonen L (2009) Loci influencing lipid levels and coronary heart disease risk in 16 European population cohorts. Nat Genet 41:47–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bellman R (1961) Adaptive control processes: a guided tour. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey

  • Bernstein MS, Costanza MC, James RW, Morris MA, Cambien F, Raoux S, Morabia A (2002) Physical activity may modulate effects of ApoE genotype on lipid profile. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22:133–140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borel P, Moussa M, Reboul E, Lyan B, Defoort C, Vincent-Baudry S, Maillot M, Gastaldi M, Darmon M, Portugal H, Planells R, Lairon D (2007) Human plasma levels of vitamin E and carotenoids are associated with genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in lipid metabolism. J Nutr 137:2653–2659

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borel P, Moussa M, Reboul E, Lyan B, Defoort C, Vincent-Baudry S, Maillot M, Gastaldi M, Darmon M, Portugal H, Lairon D, Planells R (2009) Human fasting plasma concentrations of vitamin E and carotenoids, and their association with genetic variants in apo C-III, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, hepatic lipase, intestinal fatty acid binding protein and microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein. Br J Nutr 101:680–687

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buzkova P, Lumley T, Rice K (2011) Permutation and parametric bootstrap tests for gene–gene and gene–environment interactions. Ann Hum Genet 75:36–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention (1996) The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–94. Reference manuals and reports (CD ROM). US Department of Health and Human Services National Center for Health Statistics

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (1996) Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–94, plan and operations procedures manuals. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) DNA samples: guidelines for proposals to use samples and cost schedule. Fed Reg 75:32191–32195

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002) National health and nutrition examination survey data. US Department of Health and Human Services, Hyattsville, MD

  • Corella D, Guillen M, Saiz C, Portoles O, Sabater A, Cortina S, Folch J, Gonzalez JI, Ordovas JM (2001a) Environmental factors modulate the effect of the APOE genetic polymorphism on plasma lipid concentrations: ecogenetic studies in a Mediterranean Spanish population. Metabolism 50:936–944

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corella D, Tucker K, Lahoz C, Coltell O, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM (2001b) Alcohol drinking determines the effect of the APOE locus on LDL-cholesterol concentrations in men: the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Clin Nutr 73:736–745

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delgado-Lista J, Perez-Jimenez F, Ruano J, Perez-Martinez P, Fuentes F, Criado-Garcia J, Parnell LD, Garcia-Rios A, Ordovas JM, Lopez-Miranda J (2010) Effects of variations in the APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster on different parameters of postprandial lipid metabolism in healthy young men. J Lipid Res 51:63–73

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dumitrescu L, Carty CL, Taylor K, Schumacher FR, Hindorff LA, Ambite JL, Anderson G, Best LG, Brown-Gentry K, Buzkova P, Carlson CS, Cochran B, Cole SA, Devereux RB, Duggan D, Eaton CB, Fronage M, Franceschini N, Haessler J, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Laston S, Kolonel LN, Lee ET, MacCluer JW, Manolio TA, Pendergrass SA, Quibrera M, Shohet RV, Wilkens LR, Haiman CA, Le Marchand L, Buyske S, Kooperberg C, North KE, Crawford DC (2011) Genetic determinants of lipid traits in diverse populations from the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) Study. PLoS Genet 7(6):e1002138

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gatica LV, Vega VA, Zirulnik F, Oliveros LB, Gimenez MS (2006) Alterations in the lipid metabolism of rat aorta: effects of vitamin a deficiency. J Vasc Res 43:602–610

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gauderman WJ (2002) Sample size requirements for association studies of gene-gene interaction. Am J Epidemiol 155:478–484

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Coronado D, Entrala A, Alvarez JJ, Ortega H, Olmos JM, Castro M, Sastre A, Herrera E, Lasuncion MA (2002) Influence of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on plasma vitamin A and vitamin E levels. Eur J Clin Invest 32:251–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagberg JM, Wilund KR, Ferrell RE (2000) APO E gene and gene-environment effects on plasma lipoprotein-lipid levels. Physiol Genomics 4:101–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heller DA, de FU, Pedersen NL, Dahlen G, McClearn GE (1993) Genetic and environmental influences on serum lipid levels in twins. N Engl J Med 328:1150–1156

  • Hunter DJ (2005) Gene–environment interactions in human diseases. Nat Rev Genet 6:287–298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kathiresan S, Melander O, Guiducci C, Surti A, Burtt NP, Rieder MJ, Cooper GM, Roos C, Voight BF, Havulinna AS, Wahlstrand B, Hedner T, Corella D, Tai ES, Ordovas JM, Berglund G, Vartiainen E, Jousilahti P, Hedblad B, Taskinen MR, Newton-Cheh C, Salomaa V, Peltonen L, Groop L, Altshuler DM, Orho-Melander M (2008) Six new loci associated with blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides in humans. Nat Genet 40:189–197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kathiresan S, Willer CJ, Peloso GM, Demissie S, Musunuru K, Schadt EE, Kaplan L, Bennett D, Li Y, Tanaka T, Voight BF, Bonnycastle LL, Jackson AU, Crawford G, Surti A, Guiducci C, Burtt NP, Parish S, Clarke R, Zelenika D, Kubalanza KA, Morken MA, Scott LJ, Stringham HM, Galan P, Swift AJ, Kuusisto J, Bergman RN, Sundvall J, Laakso M, Ferrucci L, Scheet P, Sanna S, Uda M, Yang Q, Lunetta KL, Dupuis J, De Bakker PI, O’Donnell CJ, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, Hercberg S, Meneton P, Lakatta EG, Scuteri A, Schlessinger D, Tuomilehto J, Collins FS, Groop L, Altshuler D, Collins R, Lathrop GM, Melander O, Salomaa V, Peltonen L, Orho-Melander M, Ordovas JM, Boehnke M, Abecasis GR, Mohlke KL, Cupples LA (2009) Common variants at 30 loci contribute to polygenic dyslipidemia. Nat Genet 41:56–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keebler ME, Sanders CL, Surti A, Guiducci C, Burtt NP, Kathiresan S (2009) Association of blood lipids with common DNA sequence variants at 19 genetic loci in the multiethnic United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2:238–243

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai CQ, Corella D, Demissie S, Cupples LA, Adiconis X, Zhu Y, Parnell LD, Tucker KL, Ordovas JM (2006) Dietary intake of n-6 fatty acids modulates effect of apolipoprotein A5 gene on plasma fasting triglycerides, remnant lipoprotein concentrations, and lipoprotein particle size: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 113:2062–2070

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lasky-Su J, Lyon HN, Emilsson V, Heid IM, Molony C, Raby BA, Lazarus R, Klanderman B, Soto-Quiros ME, Avila L, Silverman EK, Thorleifsson G, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kronenberg F, Vollmert C, Illig T, Fox CS, Levy D, Laird N, Ding X, McQueen MB, Butler J, Ardlie K, Papoutsakis C, Dedoussis G, O’Donnell CJ, Wichmann HE, Celedon JC, Schadt E, Hirschhorn J, Weiss ST, Stefansson K, Lange C (2008) On the replication of genetic associations: timing can be everything! Am J Hum Genet 82:849–858

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y, Dolle ME, Imholz S, van ‘t Slot R, Verschuren WM, Wijmenga C, Feskens EJ, Boer JM (2008) Multiple genetic variants along candidate pathways influence plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. J Lipid Res 49:2582–2589

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manolio TA, Collins FS, Cox NJ, Goldstein DB, Hindorff LA, Hunter DJ, McCarthy MI, Ramos EM, Cardon LR, Chakravarti A, Cho JH, Guttmacher AE, Kong A, Kruglyak L, Mardis E, Rotimi CN, Slatkin M, Valle D, Whittemore AS, Boehnke M, Clark AG, Eichler EE, Gibson G, Haines JL, Mackay TF, McCarroll SA, Visscher PM (2009) Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature 461:747–753

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matise TC, Ambite JL, Buyske S, Carlson CS, Cole SA, Crawford DC, Haiman CA, Heiss G, Kooperberg C, Marchand LL, Manolio TA, North KE, Peters U, Ritchie MD, Hindorff LA, Haines JL (2011) The Next PAGE in understanding complex traits: design for the analysis of Population Architecture using Genetics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study. Am J Epidemiol 174:849–859

  • Mooradian AD, Haas MJ, Wadud K (2006a) Ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol down-regulate apolipoprotein A-I gene expression in HepG2 and Caco-2 cell lines. Metabolism 55:159–167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mooradian AD, Haas MJ, Wong NC (2006b) The effect of select nutrients on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels. Endocr Rev 27:2–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norum KR, Blomhoff R (1992) McCollum Award Lecture, 1992: vitamin A absorption, transport, cellular uptake, and storage. Am J Clin Nutr 56:735–744

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ober C, Vercelli D (2011) Gene–environment interactions in human disease: nuisance or opportunity? Trends Genet 27:107–115

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell DL, Heller RF, Roberts DC, Allen JR, Knapp JC, Steele PL, Silove D (1988) Twin study of genetic and environmental effects on lipid levels. Genet Epidemiol 5:323–341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveros LB, Domeniconi MA, Vega VA, Gatica LV, Brigada AM, Gimenez MS (2007) Vitamin A deficiency modifies lipid metabolism in rat liver. Br J Nutr 97:263–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ortega H, Castilla P, Gomez-Coronado D, Garces C, Benavente M, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, de OM, Lasuncion MA (2005) Influence of apolipoprotein E genotype on fat-soluble plasma antioxidants in Spanish children. Am J Clin Nutr 81:624–632

  • Ritchie MD, Hahn LW, Roodi N, Bailey LR, Dupont WD, Parl FF, Moore JH (2001) Multi-factor dimensionality reduction reveals high-order interactions among estrogen-metabolism genes in sporadic breast cancer. Am J Hum Genet 69:138–147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu MS, Waterworth DM, Debenham SL, Wheeler E, Papadakis K, Zhao JH, Song K, Yuan X, Johnson T, Ashford S, Inouye M, Luben R, Sims M, Hadley D, McArdle W, Barter P, Kesaniemi YA, Mahley RW, McPherson R, Grundy SM, Bingham SA, Khaw KT, Loos RJ, Waeber G, Barroso I, Strachan DP, Deloukas P, Vollenweider P, Wareham NJ, Mooser V (2008) LDL-cholesterol concentrations: a genome-wide association study. Lancet 371:483–491

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith PG, Day NE (1984) The design of case-control studies: the influence of confounding and interaction effects. Int J Epidemiol 13:356–365

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snieder H, van Doornen LJ, Boomsma DI (1999) Dissecting the genetic architecture of lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins: lessons from twin studies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:2826–2834

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teslovich TM, Musunuru K, Smith AV, Edmondson AC, Stylianou IM, Koseki M, Pirruccello JP, Ripatti S, Chasman DI, Willer CJ, Johansen CT, Fouchier SW, Isaacs A, Peloso GM, Barbalic M, Ricketts SL, Bis JC, Aulchenko YS, Thorleifsson G, Feitosa MF, Chambers J, Orho-Melander M, Melander O, Johnson T, Li X, Guo X, Li M, Shin CY, Jin GM, Jin KY, Lee JY, Park T, Kim K, Sim X, Twee-Hee OR, Croteau-Chonka DC, Lange LA, Smith JD, Song K, Hua ZJ, Yuan X, Luan J, Lamina C, Ziegler A, Zhang W, Zee RY, Wright AF, Witteman JC, Wilson JF, Willemsen G, Wichmann HE, Whitfield JB, Waterworth DM, Wareham NJ, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Voight BF, Vitart V, Uitterlinden AG, Uda M, Tuomilehto J, Thompson JR, Tanaka T, Surakka I, Stringham HM, Spector TD, Soranzo N, Smit JH, Sinisalo J, Silander K, Sijbrands EJ, Scuteri A, Scott J, Schlessinger D, Sanna S, Salomaa V, Saharinen J, Sabatti C, Ruokonen A, Rudan I, Rose LM, Roberts R, Rieder M, Psaty BM, Pramstaller PP, Pichler I, Perola M, Penninx BW, Pedersen NL, Pattaro C, Parker AN, Pare G, Oostra BA, O’Donnell CJ, Nieminen MS, Nickerson DA, Montgomery GW, Meitinger T, McPherson R, McCarthy MI, McArdle W, Masson D, Martin NG, Marroni F, Mangino M, Magnusson PK, Lucas G, Luben R, Loos RJ, Lokki ML, Lettre G, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Lakatta EG, Laaksonen R, Kyvik KO, Kronenberg F, Konig IR, Khaw KT, Kaprio J, Kaplan LM, Johansson A, Jarvelin MR, Janssens AC, Ingelsson E, Igl W, Kees HG, Hottenga JJ, Hofman A, Hicks AA, Hengstenberg C, Heid IM, Hayward C, Havulinna AS, Hastie ND, Harris TB, Haritunians T, Hall AS, Gyllensten U, Guiducci C, Groop LC, Gonzalez E, Gieger C, Freimer NB, Ferrucci L, Erdmann J, Elliott P, Ejebe KG, Doring A, Dominiczak AF, Demissie S, Deloukas P, de Geus EJ, de FU, Crawford G, Collins FS, Chen YD, Caulfield MJ, Campbell H, Burtt NP, Bonnycastle LL, Boomsma DI, Boekholdt SM, Bergman RN, Barroso I, Bandinelli S, Ballantyne CM, Assimes TL, Quertermous T, Altshuler D, Seielstad M, Wong TY, Tai ES, Feranil AB, Kuzawa CW, Adair LS, Taylor HA, Jr., Borecki IB, Gabriel SB, Wilson JG, Holm H, Thorsteinsdottir U, Gudnason V, Krauss RM, Mohlke KL, Ordovas JM, Munroe PB, Kooner JS, Tall AR, Hegele RA, Kastelein JJ, Schadt EE, Rotter JI, Boerwinkle E, Strachan DP, Mooser V, Stefansson K, Reilly MP, Samani NJ, Schunkert H, Cupples LA, Sandhu MS, Ridker PM, Rader DJ, van Duijn CM, Peltonen L, Abecasis GR, Boehnke M, Kathiresan S (2010) Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids. Nature 466:707–713

  • Thomas D (2010) Gene–environment-wide association studies: emerging approaches. Nat Rev Genet 11:259–272

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg RB (2002) Apolipoprotein A-IV polymorphisms and diet-gene interactions. Curr Opin Lipidol 13:125–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willer CJ, Sanna S, Jackson AU, Scuteri A, Bonnycastle LL, Clarke R, Heath SC, Timpson NJ, Najjar SS, Stringham HM, Strait J, Duren WL, Maschio A, Busonero F, Mulas A, Albai G, Swift AJ, Morken MA, Narisu N, Bennett D, Parish S, Shen H, Galan P, Meneton P, Hercberg S, Zelenika D, Chen WM, Li Y, Scott LJ, Scheet PA, Sundvall J, Watanabe RM, Nagaraja R, Ebrahim S, Lawlor DA, Ben-Shlomo Y, vey-Smith G, Shuldiner AR, Collins R, Bergman RN, Uda M, Tuomilehto J, Cao A, Collins FS, Lakatta E, Lathrop GM, Boehnke M, Schlessinger D, Mohlke KL, Abecasis GR (2008) Newly identified loci that influence lipid concentrations and risk of coronary artery disease. Nat Genet 40:161–169

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young SG (1990) Recent progress in understanding apolipoprotein B. Circulation 82:1574–1594

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young SG, Cham CM, Pitas RE, Burri BJ, Connolly A, Flynn L, Pappu AS, Wong JS, Hamilton RL, Farese RV Jr (1995) A genetic model for absent chylomicron formation: mice producing apolipoprotein B in the liver, but not in the intestine. J Clin Invest 96:2932–2946

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zingg JM, Azzi A (2004) Non-antioxidant activities of vitamin E. Curr Med Chem 11:1113–1133

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Genotyping in NHANES was supported in part by The Population Architecture Using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study, which is funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI). Data included in this report were resulted from the Epidemiologic Architecture for Genes Linked to Environment (EAGLE) Study, as part of the NHGRI PAGE study (U01HG004798). Genotyping services for select EAGLE NHANES III SNPs presented here were also provided by the Johns Hopkins University under federal contract number (N01-HV-48195) from NHLBI. We at EAGLE would like to thank Dr. Geraldine McQuillan and Jody McLean for their help in accessing the Genetic NHANES data. The Vanderbilt University Center for Human Genetics Research, Computational Genomics Core provided computational and/or analytical support for this work. The NHANES DNA samples are stored and plated by the Vanderbilt DNA Resources Core, managed by Cara Sutcliffe. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institutes for Health or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Avenue, 515B Light Hall, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA

    Logan Dumitrescu, Robert Goodloe, Kristin Brown-Gentry, Ping Mayo, Melissa Allen, Hailing Jin, Niloufar B. Gillani, Nathalie Schnetz-Boutaud, Holli H. Dilks & Dana C. Crawford

  2. Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA

    Holli H. Dilks & Dana C. Crawford

Authors
  1. Logan Dumitrescu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Robert Goodloe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kristin Brown-Gentry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ping Mayo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Melissa Allen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hailing Jin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Niloufar B. Gillani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Nathalie Schnetz-Boutaud
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Holli H. Dilks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Dana C. Crawford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dana C. Crawford.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 35 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Dumitrescu, L., Goodloe, R., Brown-Gentry, K. et al. Serum vitamins A and E as modifiers of lipid trait genetics in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys as part of the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study. Hum Genet 131, 1699–1708 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-012-1186-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-012-1186-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation