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Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune haemolytic anaemias in adults: a clinical review

Diagnose und Therapie von autoimmunhämolytischen Anämien im Erwachsenen: Eine klinische Übersicht

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Zusammenfassung

Die autoimmunhämolytische Anämie (AIHA) ist eine immunologische Erkrankung, bei der es zur Produktion von Antikörpern kommt, die sich gegen patienteneigene Erythrozyten richten und diese zerstören. Man unterscheidet primäre (idiopathische) und sekundäre Formen der Erkrankung. Die Diagnose basiert auf dem Nachweis einer Anämie, von Hämolysezeichen mit Retikulozytose, vermindertem Haptoglobin, erhöhter Laktatdehydrogenase und erhöhtem indirekten Bilirubin, sowie einem positiven Coombs Test. In einem Teil der Patienten finden sich nicht alle diese Veränderungen. Die meisten AIHA sind durch Wärme-Antikörper verursacht, nur selten hingegen werden Kälte-Antikörper entdeckt. Während Wärme-Antikörper in vielen Fällen einer idiopathischen AIHA zuzuordnen sind, findet sich bei Kälte-Antikörpern fast immer eine sekundäre AIHA. Bei den entsprechenden Grunderkrankungen handelt es sich vor allem um Non Hodgkin Lymphome, systemische Autoimmunerkrankungen, Organtransplantationen, Infektionserkrankungen oder solide Tumore. Überdies kann sich eine AIHA nach einer Therapie mit Nucleosid-Analoga entwickeln. Die meisten Patienten mit einer AIHA benötigen eine Therapie. Im Fall der Wärme-Antikörper-mediierten AIHA gelten Glucocorticosteroide mit und ohne zusätzlichen hochdosierten Immunglobulinen als Erstlinien-Therapie, während die Splenektomie als Zweitlinientherapie gilt. Die Ansprechrate einer primären AIHA auf die Erstlinien-therapien ist relativ hoch. Nach Erreichen einer Remission sollte das Glucocorticoid langsam und vorsichtig ausgeschlichen werden. Ein Teil der Patienten benötigt eine Dauertherapie. Bei sekundären AIHA sind die Ansprechraten geringer. In vielen refraktären Fällen zeigt Rituximab (anti-CD20) gute Effekte, und bei Lymphomen oder Autoimmunerkrankungen kann die Anämie auf Mycophenolate Mofetil ansprechen. Die Kälteantikörper-mediierte AIHA ist in der Regel durch Steroide oder Splenektomie nicht beeinflussbar. In cirka 50% der Fälle findet sich ein Ansprechen auf Rituximab, obwohl die Dauer des Ansprechens zumeist kurz ist. In manchen Fällen verschwindet eine Lymphom- oder Tumor-assoziierte AIHA nach einer erfolgreichen Chemotherapie oder nach der chirurgischen Entfernung des Tumors.

Summary

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) is an immune disorder caused by antibodies directed against unmodified autologous red cells. The disorder may be a primary (idiopathic) or a secondary disease. The diagnosis is based on the presence of anaemia, signs of haemolysis with reticulocytosis, low haptoglobin, increased lactate dehydrogenase, elevated indirect bilirubin, and a positive direct antiglobulin test (Coombs test). Sometimes, not all of these typical features are present. Most AIHA are caused by warm antibodies, whereas cold antibodies are less commonly detected. While half of the warm antibody-based AIHA are idiopathic anaemias, almost all cold antibody AIHA are secondary anaemias. Underlying diseases are Non Hodgkin's lymphomas and systemic autoimmune disorders, and less frequently organ transplantation, infections, or solid tumors. Moreover, AIHA is an important complication of treatment with nucleoside analogs. Most patients with AIHA require therapy. In warm antibody AIHA, standard first line therapy are glucocorticosteroids with or without high dose immunoglobulins, whereas splenectomy is considered second-line therapy. Response rates of primary AIHA to corticosteroid therapy are high. After initial remission, the dose should be tapered down slowly and with caution, and in some cases, low-dose maintenance therapy is required. The efficacy of standard therapy is low in secondary AIHA that develops in lymphoma patients, posttransplant patients, or tumor patients. Among other immunosuppressive treatments, rituximab (anti-CD20) appears to be highly effective in patients with warm antibody AIHA refractory to standard therapy. Mycophenolate mofetil is quite effective in AIHA patients with an underlying autoimmune or lymphoproliferative disease. Patients with cold agglutinins are refractory to steroids and splenectomy. Half of these patients may respond to rituximab, although responses usually are short-lived. Sometimes, AIHA that is associated with malignant lymphomas or tumors, disappears after successful anti-lymphoma or anti-tumor therapy.

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Valent, P., Lechner, K. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune haemolytic anaemias in adults: a clinical review. Wien Klin Wochenschr 120, 136–151 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-008-0945-1

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