References
Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Kjellstrom T (2006) Basic epidemiology, 2nd edn. WHO Geneva, pp 99–105
Nutbeam D (1998) Health promotion glossary. Health Promot Int 13 (4): 349–264
Starfield B (2001) Basic concepts in population health and health care. J Epidemiol Community Health 55: 452–454
Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Vogel RA (2002) Preventive cardiology: how can we do better? 33rd Bethesda Conference. J Am Coll Cardiol 40: 579–651
Slesina W (2007) Primordiale, primäre, sekundäre und tertiäre Prävention Eine Begriffsbestimmung. Dtsch med Wochenschr 132: 2196–2198
Strasser T (1978) Reflections on cardiovascular diseases. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 3: 225–230
Ursoniu S (2003) Primordial prevention. Supercourse. www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec10701/index.htm (Accessed 25 April 2008)
DeBusk RF (1999) The role of the health care system in primordial prevention. Prev Med 29: S59–65
Pais P S (2006) Early intervention and prevention of myocardial infarction. J Hypertens 24 (2): S25–S30
Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (2003) The Growing Burden of Heart Disease and Stroke in Canada, p. 21
Sen K, Bonita R (2000) Global health status: two steps forward, one step back. Lancet 356: 577–582
Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ôunpuu S, Anand S (2001) Global burden of cardiovascular diseases. Part I: general considerations, the epidemiological transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation 104: 2746–2753
Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ôunpuu S, Anand S (2001) Global burden of cardiovascular diseases. Part II: variations in cardiovascular disease by specific ethnic groups and geographic regions and prevention strategies. Circulation 104: 2855–2864
Yao C, Wu W, Wu Y (1993) The changing pattern of cardiovascular disease in China. World Health Stat Quart 46: 113–118
Niebauer J (2006) Sport zur Vorbeugung und Therapie von Zivilisationskrankheiten. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118 (17–18): A30–A38
Murray CJL, Lopez AD (1996) Global health statistics. Global burden of disease and injury series. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, pp 399–428
World Health Report (2002) Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. WHO Geneva, pp 82–84
Alwan A (1997) Noncommunicable diseases: a major challenge to public health in the region. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 3 (1): 6–16
Crofton J (1987) Smoking and health in China. Lancet 2: 53
Bonita R (1998) Women, Ageing and Health. Achieving health across the life span. WHO Geneva, p 24
Gupta R, Gupta VP, Ahluwalia NS (1994) Educational status, coronary heart disease and coronary risk factor prevalence in a rural population of India. BMJ 309: 1332–1336
WHO Study Group (1985) Primary prevention of coronary heart disease. EURO Reports and Studies 98. WHO Geneva, pp 48–56
Gupta R, Deedwania PC, Soangra MR (2002) Prevention of coronary heart disease in India: an epidemiological perspective. Indian J Community Med 27 (4): 185–190
Pearson TA, Bales V, Blair L, et al (1998) The Singapore Declaration: forging the will for heart health in the next millennium. CVD Prevention 1 (3): 182–198
Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al (2001) Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med 345: 790–797
Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al (2001) Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 344: 1343–1350
Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al (2002) Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 346: 393–403
Pearson TA, Bazzarre TL, Daniels SR, Fair JM, Fortmann SP, Franklin BA, et al (2003) American Heart Association Guide for Improving Cardiovascular Health at the Community Level. Circulation 107 (4): 645–651
Williams CL, Hayman LL, Daniels SR, Robinson TN, Steinberger J, Paridon S (2002) Cardiovascular health in childhood: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Committee on Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young (AHOY) of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young of the American Heart Association. Circulation 106: 143–160
Hofman A, Hazebroek A, Valkenburg HA (1983) A randomized trial of sodium intake and blood pressure in newborn infants. JAMA 250: 370–373
Geleijnse JM, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Hazebroek AA, Valkenburg HA, Grobbee DE (1997) Long-term effects of neonatal sodium restriction on blood pressure. Hypertension 29: 913–917
Weinstein MC (1990) Economics of prevention. J Gen Intern Med 5: S89–S92
Kottke TE, Battista RN, DeFriese GH, Brekke ML (1988) Attributes of successful smoking cessation interventions in medical practice: a meta-analysis of 39 controlled trials. JAMA 259: 2883–2889
Rose G (1991) Ancel keys lecture. Circulation 84: 1405–1409
Singh SP, Sen P (2003) Coronary heart disease: the changing scenario. Indian J Prev Soc Med 34 (1–2): 74–80
Yusuf S, Ôunpuu S (2003) Tackling the growing global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 10 (4): 236–239
Reddy K S (2002) Cardiovascular diseases in the developing countries: dimensions, determinants, dynamics and directions for public health action. Public Health Nutr 5 (1A): 231–237
Morris J (1990) Inequalities in health: ten years and little further on. Lancet 336: 491–493
PAHO (2005) Renewing primary healthcare in the Americas. www.paho.org/English/AD/THS/OS/PHC-positionpaper.pdf (Accessed 30 March 2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ursoniu, S. Primordial prevention, developing countries and the epidemiological transition: thirty years later. Wien Klin Wochenschr 121, 168–172 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-008-1110-6
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-008-1110-6