Zusammenfassung
HINTERGRUND: Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 stellt weltweit eine bedeutende Herausforderung für Gesundheitssysteme dar. Die Versorgung von Diabetikern ist nicht optimal. Disease Management Programme (DMPs) wurden entwickelt um diese Versorgungsdefizite zu überwinden, jedoch ist die Datenlage hinsichtlich der Effektivität von DMPs nicht schlüssig. Eine mögliche Ursache für die Inkonsistenz der gemessenen Effekte könnte Selektionsbias sein. In freiwillige Programme werden vermutlich eher hochmotivierte Patienten eingeschlossen, die den Diabetes bereits relativ gut unter Kontrolle haben. Wohingegen andere Programme, die speziell auf Diabetiker mit schlechter metabolischer Kontrolle abzielen, möglicherweise aufgrund von Regression zur Mitte größere Effekte aufzeigen. Aus diesem Grund untersuchten wir die Ausgangsdaten und die Versorgungsqualität von Patienten, die zum Eintritt in das DMP "Therapie Aktiv" für Typ 2 Diabetes bereit waren. METHODEN: Die Studie wurde allen Allgemeinmedizinern und Internisten in Salzburg angeboten. Es sollten alle Patienten mit Diabetes Typ 2 nach den WHO/ADA Kriterien rekrutiert werden, die zur Teilnahme am DMP bereit waren. Daten hinsichtlich metabolischer Kontrolle, medikamentöser Therapie, kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren und diabetischen Spätkomplikationen wurden von allen Patienten erfasst und hinsichtlich Defiziten in der Versorgung analysiert. ERGEBNISSE: Von 92 Ärzten wurden insgesamt 1489 Patienten (mittleres Alter 65,4 ± 10,4 Jahre; 47,8 % weiblich) rekrutiert. 24,3 % aller Patienten (28,3 % der Männer und 20,1 % der Frauen) hatten mindestens eine diabetesassoziierte Spätkomplikation, mit einer signifikant höheren Rate an kardiovaskulären Komplikationen in der männlichen Studienpopulation. 80,7 % aller Patienten standen unter Medikation mit oralen Antidiabetika, Insulin oder einer Kombination aus beidem. Hinsichtlich der Versorgungsqualität fanden sich 5 % aller Patienten mit einem HbA1c Wert über 7,5 % gänzlich ohne antidiabetische Medikation. 15,3 % der Studienpopulation mit erhöhten Blutdruckwerten hatte keine antihypertensive Therapie und 36,6 % der Studienteilnehmer mit manifester kardiovaskulärer Erkrankung standen nicht unter Therapie mit Statinen. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG: Die Resultate unserer Studie zeigen auf, dass ein Großteil der Patienten leitliniengerecht behandelt wird. Dennoch bestehen Defizite in der Diabetikerversorgung und damit ein mögliches Verbesserungspotential durch die Implementierung eines DMPs.
Summary
INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus type 2 plays an important role in population health worldwide, and diabetes care has been shown to be insufficient. Disease management programmes (DMPs) have been designed to overcome these deficiencies, but data on their effectiveness are inconclusive. One reason for the inconsistent extent of effects may be selection bias. Voluntary programmes might recruit preferably highly motivated patients who are already quite successful in managing diabetes. Other programmes enrol primarily patients with poor metabolic control which may lead to the demonstration of fairly large effects due to regression to the mean. We therefore investigated the baseline characteristics of patients willing to enrol in the Austrian DMP for diabetes mellitus type 2 ("Therapie aktiv"), and their quality of care. METHODS: We offered the study to all GPs and internists in the province of Salzburg. The physicians were asked to recruit all patients with type 2 diabetes according to WHO/ADA-criteria willing to participate in the Austrian DMP "Therapie aktiv". For all patients, data regarding metabolic control, medication, cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes complications were recorded and then analysed to detect deficiencies in care. RESULTS: One thousand Four hundred and eighty-nine patients (mean age 65.4 ± 10.4 years; 47.8% women) were recruited by 92 physicians. 24.3% of all participants (28.3% of the men and 20.1% of the women) had at least one diabetes-related complication with a significantly higher rate of cardiovascular complications in the male study population. 80.7% of all patients were treated with oral antidiabetics, insulin or both. With regards to quality of care 5% of all patients with an HbA1c above 7.5% did not receive any antidiabetic medication at all. 15.3% of the study population with high blood pressure was not supplied with any antihypertensive medication and 36.6% of the study participants with cardiovascular disease were not treated with a statin. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the majority of the patients receive treatment in adherence to current guidelines. Nevertheless there are deficits in care and hence room for improvement by implementation of the DMP.
Abbreviations
- ADA:
-
American Diabetes Association
- AVOS:
-
Arbeitskreis Vorsorgemedizin Salzburg (Workinggroup for Preventive Medicine, Salzburg)
- DMP:
-
disease management programme
- FQSD-Ö:
-
Forum Qualitätssicherung in der Diabetologie-Österreich (Forum for the Assurance of Quality in Diabetes Care in Austria
- GP:
-
General practitioner
- ÖDG:
-
Österreichische Diabetes Gesellschaft (Austrian Diabetes Association)
- ÖGAM:
-
Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin (Austrian Association of General Practice)
- PMU:
-
Paracelsus Medical University
- RCT:
-
Randomised controlled trial
- SGKK:
-
Salzburger Gebietskrankenkasse (Health Insurance of the Province of Salzburg)
- WHO:
-
World Health Organization
References
Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004;27(5):1047–53
Dorner T, Rathmanner T, Lechleitner M, Schlogel R, Roden M, Lawrence K, et al. Public health aspects of diabetes mellitus–epidemiology, prevention strategies, policy implications: the first Austrian diabetes report. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2006;118(17–18):513–9
Rakovac I, Plank J, Jeitler K, Beck P, Seereiner S, Mrak P, et al. Health status of type 2 diabetics in Austria – perspective of a quality improvement initiative. Wien Med Wochenschr 2009;159(5–6):126–33
Massi-Benedetti M. The cost of diabetes Type II in Europe: the CODE-2 Study. Diabetologia 2002;45(7):S1–4
Muhlhauser I, Sulzer M, Berger M. Quality assessment of diabetes care according to the recommendations of the St. Vincent declaration: a population-based study in a rural area of Austria. Diabetologia 1992;35(5):429–35
Gerlach FM, Beyer M, Szecsenyi J, Raspe H. Evaluation of disease management programs–current deficits, demands and methods. Z Arztl Fortbild Qualitatssich 2003;97(7):495–501
Ecker J, Witzmann G, Gmeiner H, Aigner I, Said H. Structured treatment of diabetes in the country. Wien Med Wochenschr 2005;155(15–16):371–5
Buntin MB, Jain AK, Mattke S, Lurie N. Who gets disease management? J Gen Intern Med 2009;24(5):649–55
Dunkelberg S, Zingel D, Noack A, van den BH, Kaduszkiewicz H. Which patients are (not) included in the DMP diabetes programme?. Gesundheitswesen 2006;68(5):289–93
Weingarten SR, Henning JM, Badamgarav E, Knight K, Hasselblad V, Gano A, et al. Interventions used in disease management programmes for patients with chronic illness – which ones work? Meta-analysis of published reports. Br Med J 2002;325(7370):925–8F
Ofman JJ, Badamgarav E, Henning JM, Knight K, Gano AD, Levan RK, et al. Does disease management improve clinical and economic outcomes in patients with chronic diseases? A systematic review. Am J Med 2004;117(3):182–92
Olivarius NF, Beck-Nielsen H, Andreasen AH, Horder M, Pedersen PA. Randomised controlled trial of structured personal care of type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMJ 2001;323(7319):970–5
Sonnichsen AC, Rinnerberger A, Url MG, Winkler H, Kowatsch P, Klima G, et al. Effectiveness of the Austrian disease-management-programme for type 2 diabetes: study protocol of a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Trials 2008;9:38
Sonnichsen AC, Winkler H, Flamm M, Panisch S, Kowatsch P, Klima G, et al. The Effectiveness of the Austrian Disease Management Programme for Type 2 Diabetes: a Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial. BMC Fam Pract 2010;11(1):86
Österreichische Diabetes Gesellschaft. Diabetes mellitus – guidelines for the practice. Revised and expanded 2007 edition. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2009;121(Suppl. 5):S1–87
Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF III, Feldman HI, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2009;150(9):604–12
IDF Clinical Guidelines Task Force. Global guideline for type 2 diabetes. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, 2005
National Collaborating Center for Chronic Conditions. Type 2 diabetes: national clinical guidelines for management in primary and secondary care (update). London: Royal College of Physicians, 2008
NICE clinical guideline 34. Hypertension: management of hypertension in adults in primary care. Published by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2006
Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, Boysen G, Burell G, Cifkova R, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and other societies on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007;14 Suppl. 2:E1–40
UKPDS. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998;352(9131):854–65
UKPDS. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998;352(9131):837–53
Williams R, Van GL, Lucioni C. Assessing the impact of complications on the costs of Type II diabetes. Diabetologia 2002;45(7):S13–7
Selvin E, Marinopoulos S, Berkenblit G, Rami T, Brancati FL, Powe NR, et al. Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2004;141(6):421–31
Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr., Bigger JT, Buse JB, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358(24):2545–59
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Maria Flamm, Henrike Winkler, Sigrid Panisch, Peter Kowatsch, Gert Klima, Bernhard Fürthauer and Raimund Weitgasser authors contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Flamm, M., Winkler, H., Panisch, S. et al. Quality of diabetes care in Austrian diabetic patients willing to participate in a DMP – at baseline. Wien Klin Wochenschr 123, 436–443 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-011-1600-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-011-1600-9