Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a class of highly glycosylated, widely distributed proteins in higher plants. In the previous study, we found that the green fluorescence from JIM13-labeled AGPs was mainly distributed in embryo proper and the basal part of suspensor but gradually disappeared after the torpedo-stage embryos in Arabidopsis. And (β-d-Glc)3 Yariv phenylglycoside (βGlcY), a synthetic reagent that specifically binds to AGPs, could inhibit embryo development. In this study, as a continuous work, we investigated the AGP functions in embryo germination, cotyledon formation, and cell wall deposition in Arabidopsis embryos by using immunofluorescent, immunoenzyme, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. The results showed that 50 μM βGlcY caused inhibition of embryo germination, formation of abnormal cotyledon embryos, and disorder of cotyledon vasculature. Compared with the normal embryos in vitro and in vivo, the AGPs and pectin signals were quite weaker in the whole abnormal embryos, whereas the cellulose signal was stronger in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of abnormal embryo by calcofluor white staining. The FTIR assay demonstrated that the cell wall of abnormal embryos was relatively poorer in pectins and richer in cellulose than those of normal embryos. By TEM observation, the SAM cells of the abnormal embryos had less cytoplasm, more plastid and starch grains, and larger vacuole than that of normal embryos. These results indicated that AGPs may play roles in embryo germination, cotyledon formation, cell wall cellulose and pectin deposition, and cell division potentiality during embryo development of Arabidopsis.
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. JP Knox (Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, UK) for the generous gifts of the pectins antibodies JIM5, JIM7, and JIM13. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30770132, 30821064), the Special Doctorial Program Funds of the Ministry of Education of China (20090141110035), and the Major State Basic Research Program of China (2007CB108704).
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Zhong, J., Ren, Y., Yu, M. et al. Roles of arabinogalactan proteins in cotyledon formation and cell wall deposition during embryo development of Arabidopsis . Protoplasma 248, 551–563 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-010-0204-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-010-0204-y