Skip to main content
Log in

Indispensable amino acid concentrations decrease in tissues of stomachless fish, common carp in response to free amino acid- or peptide-based diets

  • Published:
Amino Acids Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary.

The premise that free amino acid or dipeptide based diets will resolve the nutritional inadequacy of formulated feeds for larval and juvenile fish and improve utilization of nitrogen in comparison to protein-based diets was tested in stomachless fish, common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae. We examined the postprandial whole body free amino acid (FAA) pool in fish that were offered a FAA mixture based diet for the duration of 2 or 4 weeks. We found that the total amount and all indispensable amino acids concentrations in the whole body decreased after a meal. We then fed juvenile carp with dietary amino acids provided in the FAA, dipeptide (PP), or protein (live feed organisms; brine shrimp Artemia salina nauplii, AS) forms. Histidine concentrations in the whole fish body increased in all dietary groups after feeding whereas all other indispensable amino acids decreased in FAA and PP groups in comparison to the AS group. Taurine appears to be the major osmotic pressure balancing free amino acid in larval freshwater fish which may indicate a conditional requirement. We present the first evidence in larval fish that in response to synthetic FAA and PP diets, the whole body indispensable free AA concentrations decreased after feeding. This study shows that amino acids given entirely as FAA or PP cannot sustain stomachless larval fish growth, and may result in depletion of body indispensable AA and most of dispensable AA. The understanding of these responses will determine necessary changes in diet formulations that prevent accelerated excretion of amino acids without protein synthesis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

DAA:

dispensable amino acids

FAA:

free amino acids

IDAA:

indispensable amino acids

PP:

dipeptide

References

  • SA Adibi MR Soleimanpour (1974) ArticleTitleFunctional characterization of dipeptide transport system in human jejunum J Clin Invest 53 1368–1374 Occurrence Handle4825229 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXkt1enur0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1172/JCI107685

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C Aragão LEC Conceição D Martins I Rønnestad (2004) ArticleTitleA balanced dietary amino acid profile improves amino acid retention in post-larval Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) Aquaculture 233 293–304 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.08.007 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXitFKltb8%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GE Berge E Lied M Espe (1994) ArticleTitleAbsorption and incorporation of dietary free and protein bound (U14C)-lysine in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) Comp Biochem Physiol 109A 681–688 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXit1Kju7k%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0300-9629(94)90210-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G Boge A Rigal G Peres (1981) ArticleTitleRates of in vivo intestinal absorption of glycine and glycyglycine by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri R.) Comp Biochem Physiol 69 455–459 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0300-9629(81)93004-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D Burston JM Addison DM Matthews (1972) ArticleTitleUptake of dipeptides containing basic and acidic amino acids by rat small intestine in vitro Clin Sci 43 823–837 Occurrence Handle4646276 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE3sXot1GmsQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AP Carvalho AM Escaffre A Oliva-Teles P Bergot (1997) ArticleTitleFirst feeding of common carp larvae on diets with high levels of protein hydrolysates Aquac Int 5 361–367 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1018368208323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • JN Chen T Takeuchi T Takahashi T Tomoda M Koisi H Kuwada (2005) ArticleTitleEffect of rotifers enriched with taurine on growth in larvae of Japanese flouder Paralichthys olivaceus Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 71 342–347 Occurrence Handle10.2331/suisan.71.342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S Cohen M Meys T Tarvin (1989) The pico-tag method: a manual of advance techniques for amino acid analysis Millipore Corporation Milford

    Google Scholar 

  • CB Cowey MJ Walton (1988) ArticleTitleStudies on the uptake of (14C) amino acids derived from both dietary (14C) protein and dietary (14C) amino acids by rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson J Fish Biol l 33 293–305 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXls12hurY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05472.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K Dabrowski K Lee J Rinchard (2003) ArticleTitleThe smallest vertebrate, teleost fish, can utilize synthetic dipeptide-based diets J Nutr 133 4225–4229 Occurrence Handle14652376 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpslGmu74%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K Dabrowski BF Terjesen Y Zhang JM Phang K Lee (2005) ArticleTitleA concept of dietary dipeptides a step to resolve the problem of amino acid availability in the early life of vertebrates J Exp Biol 208 2885–2894 Occurrence Handle16043593 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVGgtrvN Occurrence Handle10.1242/jeb.01689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Espe H Sveier I Høgøy E Lied (1999) ArticleTitleNutrient absorption and growth of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed fish protein concentrate Aquaculture 174 119–137 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhs1Omtr0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00502-X

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MF Fuller (2000) Protein and amino acid requirements MH Stipanuk (Eds) Biochemical and physiological aspects of human nutrition W. B. Saunders Philadelphia 236–237

    Google Scholar 

  • P Furst P Stehle (1994) ArticleTitleWhat are the essential elements needed for the determination of amino acid requirements in humans? J Nutr 134 1558S–1565S

    Google Scholar 

  • V Ganapathy M Brandsch FH Leibach (1994) Intestinal transport of amino acids and peptides LR Johnson J Christensen (Eds) Physiology of gastrointestinal tract Raven Press New York 1773–1794

    Google Scholar 

  • DF Houlihan CG Carter ID McCarthy (1995) Protein synthesis in fish P Hochachka T Mommsen (Eds) Biochemistry and molecular biology of fishes NumberInSeries4 Elsevier Amsterdam 191–220

    Google Scholar 

  • SJ Kaushik K Dabrowski (1983) ArticleTitlePostprandial metabolic changes in larval and juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) Reprod Nutr Develop 23 223–234 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXhsF2mtL8%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RG Keil DL Kirchman (1992) ArticleTitleBacterial hydrolysis of protein and methylated protein and its implications for studies of protein degradation in aquatic systems Appl Environm Microbiol 58 1374–1375 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XitFSqt70%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D Li X Zhao T Yang EW Johnson PA Thacker (1999) ArticleTitleA comparison of the intestinal absorption of amino acids in piglets when provided in free form or as a dipeptide Asian Austral J Anim Sci 12 939–943 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXktFKrtLY%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DM Matthews JM Addison D Burston (1974) ArticleTitleEvidence for active transport of the dipeptide carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) by hamster jejunum in vitro Clin Sci Mol Med 46 693–705 Occurrence Handle4851937 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXks1Wnt7Y%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T Murai (1982) ArticleTitleEffect of coating amino acids with casein supplmented to gelatin diet on plasma free amino acids of carp Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 48 703–710 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL38XktVGju7Y%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T Murai Y Hirasawa T Akiyama T Nose (1983) ArticleTitleEffects of dietary pH and electrolyte concentration on the utilization of crystaline amino acids in fingerling carp Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 49 1377–1380 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXmtFWnsbo%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T Murai H Ogata (1990) ArticleTitleChanges in free amino acid levels in various tissues of common carp in response to insulin injection followed by force-feeding an amino acid diet J Nutr 120 711–718 Occurrence Handle2195144 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXkvFKntbg%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T Murai H Ogata T Takeuchi T Watanabe T Nose (1984) ArticleTitleComposition of free amino acid in excretion of carp fed amino acid diets and casein-gelatin diets Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 50 1957–1958 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXkvVGh

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WK Ng SSO Hung MA Herold (1996) ArticleTitlePoor utilization of dietary free amino acids by white sturgeon Fish Physiol Biochem 15 131–142 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XkvVCqs7Y%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01875592

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • InstitutionalAuthorNameNRC (1993) Nutrient requirements of fishes RT Lovell CB Cowey CY Cho K Dabrowski S Hughes S Lall T Murai RP Wilson (Eds) National Research Council, Board of Agriculture National Academy Press Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • I Ronnestad LEC Conceicao C Aragao MT Dinis (2000) ArticleTitleFree amino acids are absorbed faster and assimilated more efficiently than protein in postlarval Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis) J Nutr 130 2809–2812 Occurrence Handle11053525 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnvVOltLw%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • I Ronnestad SK Tonheim HJ Fyhn CR Rojas-Garcia Y Kamisaka W Koven (2003) ArticleTitleThe supply of amino acids during early feeding stages of marine fish larvae: a review of recent findings Aquaculture 227 147–164 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXotVOqt7o%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00500-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MB Rust RW Hardy RR Stickney (1993) ArticleTitleA new method for force-feeding larval fish Aquaculture 116 341–352 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0044-8486(93)90418-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • CB Santiago RT Lovell (1988) ArticleTitleAmino acid requirements for growth of Nile tilapia J Nutr 118 1540–1546 Occurrence Handle3210083 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXptlymtQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T Takeuchi (2001) ArticleTitleA review of feed development for early life stages of marine finfish in Japan Aquaculture 200 203–222 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00701-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T Takeuchi GS Park T Seikai M Yokoyama (2001) ArticleTitleTaurine content in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus T. & S. and red sea bream Pagrus major T. & S. during the period of seed production Aquacult Res 32 244–248 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhvFGls7k%3D Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1355-557x.2001.00021.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BF Terjesen K Park MB Tesser MC Portella Y Zhang K Dabrowski (2004) ArticleTitleLipoic acid and ascorbic acid affect plasma free amino acids selectively in the teleost fish pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) J Nutr 134 2930–2934 Occurrence Handle15514254 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVSnsbzL

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BF Terjesen I Rønnestad B Norberg PM Anderson (2000) ArticleTitleDetection and basic properties of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase III during teleost ontogeny: a case study in the Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) Comp Biochem Physiol 126 521–535 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvns1WgsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0305-0491(00)00221-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MB Tesser BF Terjesen Y Zhang MC Portella K Dabrowski (2005) ArticleTitleFree- and peptide-based dietary arginine supplementation for the South American fish pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) Aquacult Nutr 11 443–453 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtleltr%2FF Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-2095.2005.00373.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RM Vabulas FU Hartl (2005) ArticleTitleProtein synthesis upon acute nutrient restriction relies on proteasome function Science 310 1960–1963 Occurrence Handle16373576 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlagurvI Occurrence Handle10.1126/science.1121925

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T Verri G Kottra A Romana N Tiso M Peric M Maffia (2003) ArticleTitleMolecular and functional characterisation of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) PEPT1-type peptide transporter FEBS Lett 14; 549 115–122 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0014-5793(03)00759-2 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmt1GqsLw%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S Yamada Y Tanaka T Katayama M Sameshima KL Simpson (1982) ArticleTitlePlasma amino acid changes in Tilapia nilotica fed casein and corresponding free amino acid diet Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 48 1783–1787 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXlt1ersw%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zhang, Y., Dabrowski, K., Hliwa, P. et al. Indispensable amino acid concentrations decrease in tissues of stomachless fish, common carp in response to free amino acid- or peptide-based diets. Amino Acids 31, 165–172 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-006-0345-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-006-0345-7

Navigation