Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Validation of Edinburgh postnatal depression scale for adolescent mothers

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
Archives of Women's Mental Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale has widespread use internationally with adult women, but few psychometric properties have been described for samples of adolescent mothers. The purpose of this paper is to validate the psychometric properties of the EPDS in a sample of adolescent mothers (n = 149) in a southern, urban area of the United States. Internal consistency reliability was .88. Principal components analysis supported a two factor structure accounting for 60% of variance. Results of item response theory analysis suggest that the EPDS and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale have similar psychometric properties. This data can be used to provide evidence of construct validity of the EPDS. The study provides a foundation for further psychometric testing of the instrument.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen Guttmacher Institute. US Teenage Pregnancy Statistics. Available at: www.agi-usa.org/teen-preg/special report.html. Retrieved April 29, 2008.

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. American Psychiatric Association.

  • Beck AT (1973) The diagnosis and management of depression. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck CT, Gable RK (2001) Further validation of the postpartum depression screening scale. Nurs Res 50:155–164

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein IH, Rush AJ, Yonkers K, Carmody TJ, Woo A, McConnell K, Trivedi MH (2008) Symptom features of postpartum depression: Are they distinct? Depress Anxiety 25:20–26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birkeland R, Thompson JK, Phares V (2005) Adolescent motherhood and postpartum depression. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 34:292–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brouwers EP, van Baar AL, Pop VJ (2001) Does the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale measure anxiety? J Psychosom Res 51:659–663

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carmines EG, Zeller RA (1979) Reliability and validity assessment. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter JS, Andrykowski MA, Wilson J, Hall LA, Rayens MK, Sachs B, Cunningham LLC (1998) Psychometrics for two short forms of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. Issues Ment Health Nurs  19:481–494

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cassidy B, Zoccolillo M, Hughes S (1996) Psychopathology in adolescent mothers and its effects on mother-infant interactions: A pilot study. Can J Psychiatry 41:379–384

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clemmens D (2003) Adolescent motherhood: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. Am J Matern Child Nurs 28:93–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clemmens D (2002) Adolescent mother’s depression after the birth of their babies: Weathering the storm. Adolescence 37:551–565

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox JL, Chapman G, Murray D, Jones P (1996) Validation of the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) in non-postnatal women. J Affect Disord 39:185–189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox JL, Holden JM (2003) Perinatal mental health: A guide to the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. The Royal College of Psychiatrists, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R (1987) Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Br J Psychiatry 150:782–786

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Rosa N, Logsdon MC (2006) A comparison of screening instruments for depression in postpartum adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs 19:13–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeVon HA, Block ME, Moyle-Wright P, Ernst DM, Hayden SJ, Lazzara DJ, Savoy SM, Kostas-Polston E (2007) A psychometric toolbox for testing validity and reliability. J Nurs Scholarship 39:155–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eshbaugh EM (2006) Predictors of depressive symptomatology among low income adolescent mothers. Arch Women’s Ment Health 9:339–342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evins GG, Theofrastous JP, Galvin SL (2000) Postpartum depression: A comparison of screening and routine clinical evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182:1080–1082

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Figueiredo B, Pacheco A, Costa R (2007) Depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period in adolescent and adult Portugese mothers. Arch Women’s Ment Health 10:103–110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flanagan PJ, McGrath MM, Meyer EC, Garcia Coll CT (1995) Adolescent development and transitions to motherhood. Pediatrics 96:273–277

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison CZ, Addy A, Jackson KL, McKeown R, Waller JL (1991) The CES-D as a screen for depression and other psychiatric disorders in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30:636–41

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaynes, B.N., Gavin, N., Meltzer-Brody, S., Lohr, K.N., Swinson, T.G., Brody, S. & Miller, W.C. (2005). Perinal depression: Prevalence, screening accuracy, and screening outcomes. Evidence Report. Assessment number 119. (Prepared by the RTI-University of North Carolina Evidence Based Practice Center, under contract no. 290-02-0016.) Rockville, Md: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

  • Hambleton RK, Swaminathan H (1985) Item Response Theory: Principles and Applications. Kluwer-Nijhoff Publishing, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington AR, Greene-Harrington CC (2007) Health Start screens for depression among urban pregnant, postpartum, and interconceptual women. J Natl Med Assoc 99:226–231

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koniak-Griffin D, Walker DS, de Traversay J (1996) Predictors of depression symptoms in pregnant adolescents. J Perinatol 16:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Lesser J, Anderson NL, Koniak-Griffin D (1998) “Sometimes you just don’t feel ready to be an adult or a Mom”: the experience of adolescent pregnancy. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nur 11:7–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesser J, Koniak-Griffin D, Anderson N (1999) Depressed adolescent mothers’ perceptions of their own maternal role. Issues Ment Health Nurs  20:131–149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letourneau N (2001) Improving adolescent parent-infant interactions: A pilot study. J Pediatr Nurs 16:53–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR, Klein DN, Gotlib IH (2000) Natural course of adolescent major depressive disorder in a community sample: Predictors of recurrence in young adults. Am J Psychiatry 157:154–1591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linacre, M. (2009). WINSTSEPS: Multiple-choice, rating scale, and partial credit Rasch analysis (www.winsteps.com).

  • Logsdon MC, Birkimer JC, Simpson T, Looney S (2005) Postpartum depression and social support in adolescents. Journal Obstet Gynecol, Neonatal Nur 34:46–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Logsdon MC, Cross R, Williams B, Simpson T (2004) Predictors of postpartum social support and symptoms of depression in pregnant adolescents: A pilot study. J Sch Nurs 20:36–42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mercer R (1985) The process of maternal role attainment over the first year. Nurs Res 34:198–204

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller L (1998) Depression among pregnant adolescents. Psychiatr Serv 49:970

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris-Rush JK, Freda MC, Bernstein PS (2003) Screening for postpartum depression in an inner city population. Am J Obst Gynecol 188:1217–1219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munro BH (2005) Statistical methods for health care research, 4th edn. Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally JC, Bernstein LH (1994) Psychometric theory, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostini R, Nering M (2006) Polytomous item response theory models. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Ca

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallant JF, Miller RL, Tennant A (2006) Evaluation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Using Rasch Analysis. BMC Psychiatry 6:28–38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panzarine S, Slater E, Sharps P (1995) Coping, social support, and depressive symptoms in adolescent mothers. J Adolesc Health 17:113–119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paskewicz L (2001) Pregnant adolescents and their mothers: A shared experience of mothering. Am J Matern Child Nursing 26:33–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prescott CA, McArdle JJ, Hishinuma ES, Johnson RC, Miyamoto RH, Andrade NN, Edman JL, Makini GK Jr, Nahulu LB, Yuen NYC, Carlton BS (2004) Prediction of major depression and dysthymia from CES-D scores among ethnic minority adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37:495–503

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinlivan JA, Luehr B, Evans SF (2004) Teenage mother’s predictions of their support levels before and actual support levels after having a child. J Pediatr Adolesc. Gynecol 17:273–278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radloff LS (1977) The CES-D Scale: A sef-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1:385–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radloff LS, Locke BZ (1986) The community mental health assessment survey and the CES-D scale. In: Weissmann MM, Myers JK, Ross CE (eds) Community surveys of psychiatric disorders. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, pp 177–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Reckase MD (1985) The difficulty of test items that measure more than one ability. Appl Psychol Meas 9:401–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reid V, Meadows-Oliver M (2007) Postpartum depression in adolescent mothers: An integrative review of the literature. J Pediatr Health Care 21:289–298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts RE, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR (1991) Screening for adolescent depression: A comparison of depression scales. Journal of American Academy of Adolescent Psychiatry 30:58–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross LE, Gilbert Evans SE, Sellers EM, Romach MK (2003) Measurement issues in postpartum depression Part 1: Anxiety as a feature of postpartum depression. Archives of Women’s Mental Health 6:51–57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt RM, Wiemann CM, Rickert VI, Smith EO (2006) Moderate to severe depressive symptoms among adolescent mothers followed four years postpartum. J Adolesc Health 38:712–718

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shanok AF, Miller L (2005) Fighting and depression among poor pregnant adolescents. J Reprod Infant Psychol 23:207–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steer RA, Scholl TO, Beck AT (1990) Revised Beck Depression Inventory scores of inner-city adolescents. Pre-and postpartum. Psychol Rep 66:315–320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2000). Healthy People 2010. 2nd ed. With understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health. 2 vols. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

  • Wenzel A, Haugen EN, Jackson LC, Robinson K (2003) Prevalence of generalized anxiety at eight weeks postpartum. Archives of Women’s Mental Health 6:43–49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Cynthia Logsdon.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Logsdon, M.C., Usui, W.M. & Nering, M. Validation of Edinburgh postnatal depression scale for adolescent mothers. Arch Womens Ment Health 12, 433–440 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-009-0096-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-009-0096-z

Keywords

Navigation