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Gender differences in outcomes of acute mania: a 12-month follow-up study

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Abstract

This study aimed to assess short-term (12 weeks) and long-term (12 months) gender differences in the outcomes of patients experiencing an episode of mania in the course of bipolar disorder. European Mania in Bipolar Longitudinal Evaluation of Medication was a 2-year, prospective, observational study of the outcomes of patients with a manic or mixed episode conducted in 14 European countries. Data were collected during the acute phase (12 weeks) and during a follow-up period (up to 12 months). Analyses were carried out in the subgroup of patients identified with a pure manic episode at baseline. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis estimated time to first occurrence of mania improvement, worsening, recovery and depressive episode, and Cox’s proportional hazards models were used to analyse factors associated with these outcomes. Overall, 2,485 patients (46.6% men, 53.4% women) were included in the analysis. Frequency of substance abuse was higher in men than women. No significant gender differences were found in the severity of manic symptoms at baseline. There were no gender differences in assessment of mania improvement, worsening or recovery over 12 weeks, but more women than men showed mania improvement over 12 months (95.4% vs. 89.2%; p < 0.01). Significantly more women developed a depressive episode over 12 weeks (14.9% vs. 9.7%; p < 0.01) and over 12 months (27.7% vs. 21.5%; p < 0.001). In conclusion, the results show that there are small gender differences in the course of patients experiencing a pure manic episode. Women had a faster time to mania improvement and a higher risk of developing a depressive episode during the 12-month follow-up period.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the EMBLEM Advisory Board for their participation in the design and conduct of the study: Prof. Bernard Sabbe (Belgium), Dr. Jens Knud Larsen (Denmark), Prof. Hannu Koponen (Finland), Dr. Isabelle Gasquet, Prof. Jean Michel Azorin (France), Dr. Heinz Grunze (Germany), Prof. Jim van Os (The Netherlands), Dr. Trond Aarre (Norway), Prof. Filipe Arriaga (Portugal), Dr. John Cookson, Prof. Martin Knapp (UK) and Dr. Mauricio Tohen (USA).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sant Joan de Déu–SSM, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Catalonia, Spain

    Laia Miquel, Judith Usall, Jordan Bertsch & Josep Maria Haro

  2. Eli Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey, UK

    Catherine Reed

  3. Bipolar Disorders Program, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain

    Eduard Vieta

  4. Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Santiago, University of the Basque Country, CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain

    Ana González-Pinto

  5. Psychiatric Hospital, Zurich University, Zurich, Switzerland

    Jules Angst

  6. University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Willem Nolen

  7. Eli Lilly Nederland, Houton, The Netherlands

    Inge van Rossum

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  1. Laia Miquel
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  2. Judith Usall
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  3. Catherine Reed
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  4. Jordan Bertsch
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  5. Eduard Vieta
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  6. Ana González-Pinto
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  7. Jules Angst
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  8. Willem Nolen
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  9. Inge van Rossum
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  10. Josep Maria Haro
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Correspondence to Laia Miquel.

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Miquel, L., Usall, J., Reed, C. et al. Gender differences in outcomes of acute mania: a 12-month follow-up study. Arch Womens Ment Health 14, 107–113 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-010-0185-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-010-0185-z

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