Exposure of macrophage-like cells to titanium particles does not affect bone resorption, but inhibits bone formation

doi:10.1007/s007760050071

Journal of Orthopaedic Science

Volume 4, Issue 1, January 1999, Pages 32-38

https://doi.org/10.1007/s007760050071 Get rights and content

Abstract

We examined the capacity of culture supernatants of macrophage-like cells exposed to titanium particles to influence bone formation and bone resorption, our aim being to elucidate the mechanism of implant loosening. A mouse macrophage-like cell line, J774, was exposed to titanium particles and the concentrations of prostaglandin E₂, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1α, and interleukin-6 in the supernatants were measured. Titanium particles stimulated the J774 cells to release tumor necrosis factor-α, whereas prostaglandin E₂, interleukin-1α and interleukin-6 concentrations remained low. The bone resorptive activity of the supernatants was measured by determining ⁴⁵Ca release from cultured pre-labeled newborn mouse calvariae. The culture supernatants of J774 cells exposed to titanium particles showed no significant difference in bone resorptive activity in mouse calvariae from that of culture supernatants of J774 cells not exposed to titanium particles. The bone-forming activity of the supernatant was evaluated by determining bone nodule formation and alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured mouse calvaria cells. The bone-forming activity of the supernatants exposed to titanium particles was significantly decreased compared with the supernatants of unexposed J774 cells. This inhibition was reversed by the addition of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α neutralizing antibody. We conclude that tumor necrosis factor-α released from J774 cells exposed to titanium particles played an important role in the inhibition of bone formation rather than in the stimulation of bone resorption.

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2020, Dental Materials
Citation Excerpt :
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Titanium and its alloys are widely used for dental and medical biomaterials due to their excellent mechanical and biological advantages. After the introduction of direct laser metal sintering (DLMS) 3D printing technology and its use over conventional machine-cut processes, questions remain regarding whether 3D-printed titanium (alloy) devices have similar biological properties to machine-cut counterparts for dental applications. Thus, this work focuses on comparing the biological activities of machine-cut and 3D-printed specimens after optimizing the DLMS 3D-printing conditions in terms of the mechanophysical characteristics.
The DLMS 3D-printing (as a function of the laser spacing from 30–100 μm) and post-surface treatment (as-given or sand-blasted) conditions were optimized using medical-grade Ti-6Al-4V powders in terms of the inner pore amount, mechanical properties, roughness and hydrophilicity. Then, the initial cell adhesion of the optimized DLMS 3D-printed Ti-6Al-4V specimen was compared with that of the machine-cut Ti-6Al-4V specimen against human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs) and mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), which are representative of direct-contact cell types of orofacial mucosa and bone, respectively. hMSC differentiation on the specimens was conducted for up to 21 days to measure the osteogenic gene expression and biomineralization.
Laser spacings of 30–40 μm had fewer inner defects and consequently a higher three-point flexural strength and elastic modulus compared to other larger laser spacings. Depending on the span width (0.3–1 mm) in the lattice architecture, the elastic modulus of the 3D-printed cuboid specimen can be further controlled (up to ∼30 times). The sand-blasted specimens after 3D printing revealed lower surface roughness and higher hydrophilicity compared to the as-3D printed specimen, which were considered optimal conditions for biological study. Initial hDF and hMSC adhesion for 12 hr and hMSC differentiation on the surface were comparable between the sand-blasted 3D-printed and machine-cut specimens in terms of adherent cell numbers, vinculin intensity, osteogenic gene expression and biomineralization.
The optimized DLMS 3D-printed Ti-6Al-4V specimen had similar biological properties to those of the machine-cut counterpart, suggesting the potential usefulness of 3D printing technology for a wide range of dental applications.
Does mechanical filtration of intraoperative cell salvage effectively remove titanium debris generated during instrumented spinal surgery? An in vitro analysis
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The lymphocyte response to titanium is greatest when coupled to high–molecular weight proteins (approximately 180 kDa). Yet, titanium only exhibits 10% the reactivity of chromium to similar weighted proteins [29] Tissue that is in direct contact with titanium produces a localized inflammatory response at the titanium-tissue interface [30] and is possibly involved in the upregulation of tissue necrosis factor or interleukin-1 [31–33]. Fortunately, the epidural reaction to metallic particulate debris produces only a localized inflammatory histiocytic reaction that does not appear to produce systemic histopathologic changes [34].
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To conclusively identify whether titanium fragments created by a high-speed drill are able to pass through standard autotransfusion microaggregate blood filters.
A positive and negatively controlled experiment with blinded sample analysis.
The presence or absence of titanium alloy on a filter with detection by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
A mock autotransfusion setup was devised for in vitro filtering. Six investigational and two control experiments were conducted. Titanium fragments generated by a high-speed drill were aspirated with saline and filtered with standard autotransfusion reservoirs and microaggregate blood filters. A final filter with a 1-μm pore size was placed distal to the blood filters. After filtration was complete, this final filter was analyzed using EDX.
The presence of titanium was confirmed by EDX on five of six investigational filters. The positive and negative control filters were analyzed by EDX and tested positive and negative, respectively, for titanium.
Standard 40 μm reservoir and blood microaggregate filters do not eliminate the smallest fragments of titanium generated by contact between a high-speed drill and a titanium hardware. The mass of titanium able to elude filtration is very small. The impact of transfusing blood contaminated with such a small mass of titanium is not known.
Enhanced initial proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells on HF/HNO<inf>3</inf> solution treated nanostructural titanium surface
2010, Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nano- or submicro topography and fluoride ion on the biology of osteoblasts.
Pure Ti plates were sandblasted, etched with an HCl/H₂SO₄ solution (control surface) and then etched in a diluted HF/HNO₃ solution (test surface). MC3T3-E1 cells attached, spread, and proliferated on both surfaces.
The alkaline phosphatase activity was evidently higher for the test surface than for control surface after 4 and 7 days of cell culture. Real-time PCR showed significant increases in type I collagen and osteocalcin gene expression in osteoblast growth on the test surface after 4 days of culture compared with the control surface.
With nanotopography and fluoride, hydrogen ions might improve MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and differentiation during the early stages of cell culture.
In vivo preliminary evaluation of bone-microcrystalline and bone-nanocrystalline diamond interfaces
2010, Diamond and Related Materials
Chemical vapor deposited diamond is a new potential biomedical material which has the advantage of chemical inertness, extreme hardness and low coefficient of friction, among others. In orthopedics and maxillofacial surgery, these properties could improve implant performance, reducing metallic corrosion, particle wear, inflammatory reactions and bone loss. In the present study, two types of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamonds have been analyzed: microcrystalline diamonds (MD) and nanocrystalline diamonds (ND), both produced by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition. The diamond tubes were previously characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman scattering spectroscopy (RSS). The aim of this study was to verify the interface between bone and MD and ND, surgically implanted in the femoral diaphysis of Wistar rats, after 4 and 8 weeks. The outcome was evaluated by scanning electron and optical microscopy using a semi quantitative method. The results suggest that nanocrystalline diamonds (ND) elicits a richer biological response than microcrystalline diamonds (MD) when in interaction with bone.
Direct laser metal sintering as a new approach to fabrication of an isoelastic functionally graded material for manufacture of porous titanium dental implants
2008, Dental Materials
This work focuses on a titanium alloy implants incorporating a gradient of porosity, from the inner core to the outer surface, obtained by laser sintering of metal powder. Surface appearance, microstructure, composition, mechanical properties and fractography were evaluated.
All the specimens were prepared by a selective laser sintering procedure using a Ti–6Al–4V alloy powder with a particle size of 1–10 μm. The morphological and chemical analyses were performed by SEM and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The flexure strength was determined by a three-point bend test using a universal testing machine. The surface roughness was investigated using a confocal scanning laser microscope. The surface roughness variation was statistically evaluated by use of a Chi square test. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
The original surface microstructure consisted of roughly spherical particles, diameter range 5–50 μm. After exposure to hydrofluoric acid some of these were removed and the microsphere diameter then ranged from 5.1 μm to 26.8 μm. Following an organic acid treatment, particles were replaced by grooves 14.6–152.5 μm in width and 21.4–102.4 μm depth. The metal core consisted of columnar beta grains with alpha and beta laths within the grains. The alloy was composed of 90.08% Ti, 5.67% Al and 4.25% V. The Young's modulus of the inner core material was 104 ± 7.7 GPa; while that of the outer porous material was 77 ± 3.5 GPa. The fracture face showed a dimpled appearance typical of ductile fracture.
In conclusion, laser metal sintering proved to be an efficient means of construction of dental implants with a functionally graded material which is better adapted to the elastic properties of the bone. Such implants should minimize stress shielding effects and improve long-term performance.
Destination of titanium particles detached from titanium plasma sprayed implants
2007, Micron
Small titanium particles may detach from titanium plasma sprayed (TPS) implants during implant insertion, when no preliminary tapping is used, probably for the frictional force between titanium coating and host bone. Aim of this study was to investigate the destination of these titanium particles observed in the peri-implant environment. Twenty-four TPS screws were implanted in tibiae of two sheep. Fourteen and 90 days after implantation the implants with the surrounding bone were removed and processed to be analyzed by light microscope and scanning electron microscope (secondary electron and back-scattered electron probes). Small titanium particles detached from the unloaded TPS implants were observed both in the newly-formed bone matrix and in marrow tissue.
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