Original articlesDifferences in cellular properties and responses to growth factors between human ACL and MCL cells
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A comparative study of the epiligament of the medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligaments in the human knee: Immunohistochemical analysis of CD 34, α-smooth muscle actin and vascular endothelial growth factor in relation to epiligament theory
2022, KneeCitation Excerpt :Based on this, the authors considered that different intrinsic properties of both ligament cells could explain one of the reasons for ACL healing failure. Yoshida and Fujii [56], after culturing cells from human ACL and MCL, established that ACL cells have poorer distinctive cellular features and weaker responses to growth factors than MCL cells. Therefore, these authors considered that these differences could explain the lower capacity of ACL cells for healing compared with MCL.
Healing potential of the anterior cruciate ligament in terms of fiber continuity after a complete rupture: A systematic review
2021, Journal of Bodywork and Movement TherapiesA comparative study of the epiligament of the medial collateral and the anterior cruciate ligament in the human knee. Immunohistochemical analysis of collagen type I and V and procollagen type III
2019, Annals of AnatomyCitation Excerpt :So far, multiple explanations for this phenomenon have been suggested. These include different ultrastructural characteristics of the connective tissue cells in the MCL and ACL (Lyon et al., 1991); variations in the proliferative potential of fibroblasts (Amiel et al., 1995; Yoshida and Fujii, 1999); higher levels of nitric oxide produced by the ACL which inhibit collagen and proteoglycan synthesis (Cao et al., 2000); a superior capacity of the MCL to increase its blood supply after injury through angiogenesis and increased blood flow (Bray et al., 2003); distinctive, ligament-specific properties of stem cells (Furumatsu et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2011); differential expression of MMP-2, -9 and -13 (Georgiev et al., 2018; Nishikawa et al., 2018). The unsatisfactory healing of the ACL may also be due to the failure of cells and blood vessels to bridge the gap between the ruptured ends of the ACL in an adequate way, as well as the lack of the wound-site to fill within the intra-articular environment (Chen, 2009).
Spontaneous healing of a tear of an anterior cruciate ligament graft: A case report
2017, KneeCitation Excerpt :One possible explanation is the higher cellular response in hamstring tenocytes to injury-induced growth factors, as compared to that of ACL tenocytes, which have been known to be very poor. Yoshida and Fujii reported that the Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) synthesis of human Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) cells when exposed to β-fibroblast growth factor (β-FGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) was notably higher as compared to human ACL cells [10]. Furthermore, Sanchez et al. noted that the application of a particular platelet-rich plasma preparation rich in growth factors (PRGF) to hamstring autografts during ACL reconstruction resulted in postoperative histological changes [11].
Differential expressions of lysyl oxidase family in ACL and MCL fibroblasts after mechanical injury
2013, InjuryCitation Excerpt :Although ACL and MCL injury and repair processes are very complex, the intrinsic differences between ACL and MCL could help to explain their differential healing abilities. Previous reports had shown substantial differences in ACL and MCL, such as tissue structure feature, cell morphology, adhesion forces, expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs).9–14 It is reported that the mRNA expression levels of pro-collagen and collagen are higher in MCL tissues than in ACL tissues for both normal and injury states.15