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Automatic Segmentation of the Ribs, the Vertebral Column, and the Spinal Canal in Pediatric Computed Tomographic Images

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Abstract

We propose methods to perform automatic identification of the rib structure, the vertebral column, and the spinal canal in computed tomographic (CT) images of pediatric patients. The segmentation processes for the rib structure and the vertebral column are initiated using multilevel thresholding and the results are refined using morphological image processing techniques with features based on radiological and anatomical prior knowledge. The Hough transform for the detection of circles is applied to a cropped edge map that includes the thoracic vertebral structure. The centers of the detected circles are used to derive the information required for the opening-by-reconstruction algorithm used to segment the spinal canal. The methods were tested on 39 CT exams of 13 patients; the results of segmentation of the vertebral column and the spinal canal were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively by comparing with segmentation performed independently by a radiologist. Using 13 CT exams of six patients, including a total of 458 slices with the vertebra from different sections of the vertebral column, the average Hausdorff distance was determined to be 3.2 mm with a standard deviation (SD) of 2.4 mm; the average mean distance to the closest point (MDCP) was 0.7 mm with SD = 0.6 mm. Quantitative analysis was also performed for the segmented spinal canal with three CT exams of three patients, including 21 slices with the spinal canal from different sections of the vertebral column; the average Hausdorff distance was 1.6 mm with SD = 0.5 mm, and the average MDCP was 0.6 mm with SD = 0.1 mm.

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4

    Shantanu Banik & Rangaraj M. Rangayyan

  2. Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4

    Rangaraj M. Rangayyan

  3. Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Alberta Children’s Hospital, 2888 Shaganappi Trail NW, Calgary, AB, Canada, T3B 6A8

    Graham S. Boag

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  1. Shantanu Banik
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  2. Rangaraj M. Rangayyan
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  3. Graham S. Boag
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Correspondence to Rangaraj M. Rangayyan.

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Banik, S., Rangayyan, R.M. & Boag, G.S. Automatic Segmentation of the Ribs, the Vertebral Column, and the Spinal Canal in Pediatric Computed Tomographic Images. J Digit Imaging 23, 301–322 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-009-9176-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-009-9176-x

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