Abstract
Amphibian declines worldwide have been linked to the fungal disease chytridiomycosis. Its causative agent (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, hereafter Bd), however, also infects many nondeclining species. Experimental infections have shown species-specific and temperature-dependent frog responses to Bd infection. Although Bd infection may be eliminated by housing amphibians at temperatures above those tolerated by the fungus, the question of whether frogs can eliminate infection under more favorable conditions remains unanswered. Repeated diagnostics using real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt–PCR) assays of postmetamorphic individuals at 28, 38, 45, 53, and 62 days after exposure demonstrated that Hypsiboas crepitans is able to clear infection within a few weeks at 23°C. Thus, we demonstrate a temperature-independent and likely immunological mechanism for the clearance of Bd in a resistant amphibian species. Future studies are needed to determine the generality of this mechanism among amphibians and to describe the immune factors affecting different outcomes of Bd exposure including resistance to infection, tolerance of infection, and clearance of infection.
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Acknowledgements
This research was partly supported by Aicotel de Telefonía C.A. and Servicios Safel 777, S.A. under the Ley Orgánica para la Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (LOCTI). Samples were collected and genetic information accessed under permits issued by the Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente. We are grateful to D. Boyle and A. Hyatt (Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Division of Livestock Industries, CSIRO, Victoria, Australia) for supplying zoospore quantification standards, to Laboratorios Docentes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Central de Venezuela for supplying fruit flies to Leira Salazar and Flor Pujol for the use of their rt-PCR equipment and to Carmen Zulay García and Fabiola León for their assistance in the laboratory.
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Márquez, M., Nava-González, F., Sánchez, D. et al. Immmunological Clearance of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection at a Pathogen-optimal Temperature in the Hylid Frog Hypsiboas crepitans . EcoHealth 7, 380–388 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-010-0350-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-010-0350-x