Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

The Experience of Columbian Child Soldiers from a Resilience Perspective

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There are child soldiers fighting with government forces and opposition groups in more than 30 countries worldwide. Although studies have been conducted on the impact of war-related trauma on children, very few have focused on those children who do not exhibit trauma-related symptoms after experiencing armed combat. The purpose of this study was to identify and understand some of the mechanisms and resources that resilient children draw upon to overcome the trauma of child soldiering. Six Colombian child soldiers were recruited through purposive sampling techniques to participate in a narrative study focusing on their lived experiences and their personal understanding of how they were able to overcome the effects of war trauma. Six narrative themes were identified and discussed in terms of the literature on trauma and childhood resilience and also related to counselling needs and services.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, E. J., & Cohler, B. J. (1987). The invulnerable child. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arvay, M. J. (2003). Doing reflexivity: A collaborative narrative approach. In L. Finlay & B. Gough (Eds.), Reflexivity: A practical guide for qualitative researchers in health and social sciences (pp. 257–276). London: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beardslee, W. R., Versage, E. M., & Gladstone, T. (1998). Children of affectively ill parents: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1134–1141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benard, B. (1993). Fostering resilience in kids. Educational Leadership, 51, 44–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman, H. (2001). Children and war: Current understandings and future directions. Public Health Nursing, 18, 243–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brett, R. (1999). Armed and dangerous: Child soldiers. In Amnesty International (Ed.), In the firing line: War and children’s rights (pp. 55–68). London: Ennisfield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2001). Global Report on Child Soldiers. Retrieved October 15, 2003, from http://www.child-soldiers.org/resources/global-reports.

  • Cohn, I., & Goodwin-Gill, G. (1994). The role of children in armed conflict. Oxford: Clarendon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Defensoría del Pueblo (2001). “Informe Sobre los Derechos Humanos de la Niñez en Colombia durante el año 2001,” p. 2. Retrieved October 15, 2003, from http://www.defensoria.org.co/espanol/informes/pdfs.

  • Defensoría del Pueblo (2002). “La Niñez y sus Derechos,” Boletín 8, 2002, p. 3. Retrieved May 27, 2003, from http://www.defensoria.org.co/espanol/informes/pdfs/informe_9.pdf.

  • Druba, V. (2002). The problem of child soldiers. International Review of Education, 48, 271–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyregrov, A., Gjestad, R., & Raundalen, M. (2002). Children exposed to warfare. A longtitudinal study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(1), 59–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyregrov, A., Gupta, L., Gjestad, R., & Mukanoheli, E. (2000). Trauma exposure and psychological reactions to genocide in Rwandan children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(1), 3–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elder, G., Shanahan, M., & Clipp, E. (1994). When war comes to men’s lives. Life-course patterns in family, work, and health. Psychology and Aging, 9, 5–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Higgit, A., & Target, M. (1994). The theory and practice of resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 231–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garbarino, J., Kostelny, K., & Dubrow, N. (1991). What children can tell us about living in danger. American Psychologists, 46, 376–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garmezy, N. (1991). Resilience in children’s adaptation to negative life events and stressed environments. Pediatric Annals, 20, 459–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garmezy, N. (1993). Children in poverty: Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry, 56, 127–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garmezy, N., & Rutter, M. (1985). Acute reactions to stress. In M. Rutter & L. Hersov (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modern approaches (2nd ed., pp. 152–176). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, M. (1989). Factors in the victim that mediate between disaster and psychopathology: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 2, 489–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grotberg, E. (1997). The International Resilience Project: Findings from the research and the effectiveness of interventions. In B. Bain (Ed.), Psychology and education in the 21st century: Proceedings of the 54th Annual Convention of the International Council of Psychologists (pp. 118–128). Edmonton: IC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herman, J. (1992). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Toward a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. T. (2002). Child’s Reaction to Traumatic Events Scale (CRTES): Sensitivity, specificity, & distress criteria. A self report traumatic stress measure. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kocijan-Hercigonja, D. (1999). Children in war. In E. Ullman & W. Hilweg (Eds.), Childhood trauma: Separation, abuse and war (pp. 157–172). Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luthar, S. S. (1993). Annotation: Methodological and conceptual issues in research on childhood resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34, 441–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macksoud, M., & Aber, J. (1996). The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 67, 70–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 425–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologists, 53, 205–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelcovitz, D., van der Kolk, B. A., Roth, S. H., Mandel, E., Kaplan, S., & Resick, P. (1997). Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES). Journal of Traumatic Stress, 10, 3–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Punamaki, R., Qouta, S., & El-Sarraj, E. (2001). Resiliency factors predicting psychological adjustment after political violence among Palestinian children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 256–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pynoos, R. S. (1994). Traumatic stress and developmental psychopathology in children and adolescents. In R. S. Pynoos (Ed.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: A clinical review (pp. 65–98). Lutherville, MD: Sidran.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terr, L. (1991). Childhood traumas: An outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 10–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations General Assembly (2003). Optional protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict and on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. Retrieved October 15, 2003, from http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/54/a54r263.pdf.

  • van der Kolk, B. A., Pelcovitz, D., Roth, S., Mandel, F. S., McFarlane, A., & Herman, J. L. (1996). Dissociation, somatization, and affect dysregulation: The complexity of adaptation of trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 83–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, F. (1998). Strengthening family resilience. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. E. (1989). Vulnerability and resilience: A longitudinal perspective. In M. Bambring, H. Losel, & H. Skowronek (Eds.), Children and risk: Assessment, longitudinal research and interventions (pp. 157–172). New York: Walter de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Vulnerable but invincible: A longitudinal study of resilient children and youth. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westwood, M., Black, T., & McLean, H. (2002). A re-entry program for peacekeeping soldiers: Promoting personal and career transition. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 36, 221–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolins, S. J. (1993). The resilient self: How survivors of troubled families rise above adversity. New York: Villard.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marla Jean Buchanan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cortes, L., Buchanan, M.J. The Experience of Columbian Child Soldiers from a Resilience Perspective. Int J Adv Counselling 29, 43–55 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-006-9027-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-006-9027-0

Keywords

Navigation