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Characterizing Brain Cortical Plasticity and Network Dynamics Across the Age-Span in Health and Disease with TMS-EEG and TMS-fMRI

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Abstract

Brain plasticity can be conceptualized as nature’s invention to overcome limitations of the genome and adapt to a rapidly changing environment. As such, plasticity is an intrinsic property of the brain across the lifespan. However, mechanisms of plasticity may vary with age. The combination of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enables clinicians and researchers to directly study local and network cortical plasticity, in humans in vivo, and characterize their changes across the age-span. Parallel, translational studies in animals can provide mechanistic insights. Here, we argue that, for each individual, the efficiency of neuronal plasticity declines throughout the age-span and may do so more or less prominently depending on variable ‘starting-points’ and different ‘slopes of change’ defined by genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Furthermore, aberrant, excessive, insufficient, or mistimed plasticity may represent the proximal pathogenic cause of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders such as autism spectrum disorders or Alzheimer’s disease.

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Acknowledgments

Work on this study was supported by grants from the National Center for Research Resources: Harvard-Thorndike General Clinical Research Center at BIDMC (NCRR MO1 RR01032) and Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (UL1 RR025758), NIH grant K24 RR018875, Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology (CIMIT), Neuronix and Nexstim to APL. CF was supported by a post-doctoral grant from the Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/66846/2009), co-funded by the European Social Fund. LO was supported by NIH fellowship F32MH080493 and 1KL2RR025757-01. APL serves on the scientific advisory boards for Nexstim, Neuronix, Starlab Neuroscience, Allied Mind, Neosync, and Novavision, and is an inventor on patents and patent applications related to noninvasive brain stimulation and the real-time integration of transcranial magnetic stimulation with electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

    Alvaro Pascual-Leone, Catarina Freitas, Lindsay Oberman, Jared C. Horvath, Mark Halko, Mark Eldaief, Shahid Bashir, Marine Vernet, Mouhshin Shafi, Brandon Westover & Andrew M. Vahabzadeh-Hagh

  2. Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital; Partner’s Neurology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Mouhshin Shafi & Brandon Westover

  3. Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Andrew M. Vahabzadeh-Hagh & Alexander Rotenberg

  4. Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Guttmann, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

    Alvaro Pascual-Leone

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  1. Alvaro Pascual-Leone
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  2. Catarina Freitas
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Correspondence to Alvaro Pascual-Leone.

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This is one of several papers published together in Brain Topography on the ‘‘Special Issue: Brain Imaging across the Lifespan’’.

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Pascual-Leone, A., Freitas, C., Oberman, L. et al. Characterizing Brain Cortical Plasticity and Network Dynamics Across the Age-Span in Health and Disease with TMS-EEG and TMS-fMRI. Brain Topogr 24, 302–315 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-011-0196-8

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