Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Cancer-specific beliefs and survival: A population-based study of African-American and White breast cancer patients

  • Published:
Cancer Causes & Control Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objective: Beliefs about cancer and its treatment have been shown to influence cancer stage at diagnosis and, thus, prognosis. The association between these beliefs and survival is understudied, especially among racially/ethnically diverse populations. We investigated the relationship between cancer-specific beliefs and survival in a cohort of African-American and White women with newly diagnosed breast cancer followed for up to 15 years.

Methods: We examined beliefs about cancer detection, treatment, and curability in a population-based cohort of 145 African-American and 177 White women diagnosed with breast cancer in Connecticut, US, between 1987 and 1989. Cox proportional-hazards models were adjusted for stage at diagnosis, other biomedical variables, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors.

Results: In multivariate models, perceived cancer incurability was associated with a higher risk of death from any cause (hazards ratio (HR)=1.67, 95 confidence interval (CI)=1.11, 2.51). Further control for tumor characteristics, genetic alterations, access to care, and additional psychosocial factors did not alter these findings. Other cancer-specific beliefs examined here were not related to survival.

Conclusions: Perceived cancer incurability is independently associated with survival among breast cancer patients in fully adjusted models. The identification of the underlying mechanisms of this association has potential for translation into intervention strategies for cancer patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. National Cancer Institute D, Surveillance Research Program, Cancer Statistics Branch. (2003) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, 1975–2000. Available at:http://seer.cancer.gov Accessed January 2004

  2. A Boyer-Chammard TH Taylor H. Anton-Culver (1999) ArticleTitleSurvival differences in breast cancer among racial/ethnic groups: a population-based study Cancer Detect Prev. 23 463–473 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1525-1500.1999.99049.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FktVWntA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10571656

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. JW Eley HA Hill VW Chen etal. (1994) ArticleTitleRacial differences in survival from breast cancer Results of the National Cancer Institute Black/White Cancer Survival Study. Jama. 272 947–954 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2czms1Sguw%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. CJ Bradley CW Given C. Roberts (2002) ArticleTitleRace, socioeconomic status, and breast cancer treatment and survival J Natl Cancer Inst. 94 490–496 Occurrence Handle11929949

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. P Reynolds PT Boyd RS Blacklow etal. (1994) ArticleTitleThe relationship between social ties and survival among black and white breast cancer patients National Cancer Institute Black/White Cancer Survival Study Group. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 3 253–259 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2c3ptVaktQ%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. P Reynolds S Hurley M Torres J Jackson P Boyd VW. Chen (2000) ArticleTitleUse of coping strategies and breast cancer survival: results from the Black/White Cancer Survival Study Am J Epidemiol. 152 940–949 Occurrence Handle10.1093/aje/152.10.940 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FmvVeqtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11092436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. LG Walker SD Heys MB Walker etal. (1999) ArticleTitlePsychological factors can predict the response to primary chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced breast cancer Eur J Cancer. 35 1783–1788 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0959-8049(99)00169-0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXntVeru7Y%3D Occurrence Handle10673992

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. JE Epping-Jordan BE Compas DM Osowiecki etal. (1999) ArticleTitlePsychological adjustment in breast cancer: processes of emotional distress Health Psychol. 18 315–326 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0278-6133.18.4.315 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1MzlvVykuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10431932

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. KL Weihs TM Enright SJ Simmens D. Reiss (2000) ArticleTitleNegative affectivity, restriction of emotions, and site of metastases predict mortality in recurrent breast cancer J Psychosom Res. 49 59–68 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0022-3999(00)00143-4 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7kslOitw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11053605

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. D Spiegel SE. Sephton (2001) ArticleTitlePsychoneuroimmune and endocrine pathways in cancer: effects of stress and support Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 6 252–265 Occurrence Handle10.1053/scnp.2001.26995 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrmtVWktw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11607921

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. M Watson JS Haviland S Greer J Davidson JM. Bliss (1999) ArticleTitleInfluence of psychological response on survival in breast cancer: a population-based cohort study. [see comments.]. Lancet 354 1331–1336 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(98)11392-2 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FgtFChug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10533861

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. D Shrock RF Palmer B. Taylor (1999) ArticleTitleEffects of a psychosocial intervention on survival among patients with stage I breast and prostate cancer: a matched case-control study. [see comments.]. Altern Ther Health Med 5 49–55 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M3ltFWktA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10234868

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. AJ Cunningham CV Edmonds C Phillips KI Soots D Hedley GA. Lockwood (2000) ArticleTitleA prospective, longitudinal study of the relationship of psychological work to duration of survival in patients with metastatic cancer Psychooncology. 9 323–339 Occurrence Handle10.1002/1099-1611(200007/08)9:4<323::AID-PON465>3.3.CO;2-2 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvjsValsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10960930

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. BR Cassileth WP Walsh EJ. Lusk (1988) ArticleTitlePsychosocial correlates of cancer survival: a subsequent report 3 to 8 years after cancer diagnosis. J Clin Oncol 6 1753–1759 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL1M%2Fjs1eitQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle3183705

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. RN Jamison TG Burish KA. Wallston (1987) ArticleTitlePsychogenic factors in predicting survival of breast cancer patients J Clin Oncol. 5 768–772 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL2s7pslCmtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle3572466

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. S Tross J Herndon 2nd A Korzun etal. (1996) ArticleTitlePsychological symptoms and disease-free and overall survival in women with stage II breast cancer Cancer and Leukemia Group B. [see comments.]. J Nat Cancer Inst. 88 661–667 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK283hvVyiug%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. S Edelman J Lemon DR Bell AD. Kidman (1999) ArticleTitleEffects of group CBT on the survival time of patients with metastatic breast cancer Psychooncology. 8 474–481 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1099-1611(199911/12)8:6<474::AID-PON427>3.0.CO;2-A Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2Fns1OlsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10607980

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. PJ Goodwin M Leszcz M Ennis etal. (2001) ArticleTitleThe effect of group psychosocial support on survival in metastatic breast cancer N Engl J Med. 345 1719–1726 Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJMoa011871 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FivFWquw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11742045

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. E Bayley D Erwin P. Belin (2000) ArticleTitleUsing cultural beliefs and patterns to improve mammography utilization among African-American women: the witness project J Natl Med Assoc. 92 136–142 Occurrence Handle10745644

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. P Loehrer H Greger M Weinberger etal. (1991) ArticleTitleKnowledge and beliefs about cancer in a socio-economically disadvantaged population Cancer. 68 1665–1671 Occurrence Handle1893368

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. S Rajaram A. Rashidi (1998) ArticleTitleMinority women and breast cancer screening: the role of cultural explanatory models Preve Med. 27 757–764 Occurrence Handle10.1006/pmed.1998.0355 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FjtVGmsg%3D%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. DR Lannin HF Mathews J Mitchell MS. Swanson (2002) ArticleTitleImpacting cultural attitudes in African-American women to decrease breast cancer mortality Am J Surg. 184 418–423 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0002-9610(02)01009-7 Occurrence Handle12433605

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. EJ Perez-Stable F Sabogal R Otero-Sabogal RA Hiatt SJ. McPhee (1992) ArticleTitleMisconceptions about cancer among Latinos and Anglos Jama. 268 3219–3223 Occurrence Handle10.1001/jama.268.22.3219 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FlvF2qug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle1433762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. DR Lannin HF Mathews J Mitchell MS Swanson FH Swanson MS. Edwards (1998) ArticleTitleInfluence of socioeconomic and cultural factors on racial differences in late-stage presentation of breast cancer Jama. 279 1801–1807 Occurrence Handle10.1001/jama.279.22.1801 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c3ptVKktw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9628711

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. F Hubbell L Chavez S Mishra R Valdez (1996) ArticleTitleDiffering beliefs about breast cancer among Latinas and Anglo women West J Med. 164 405–409 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK283otVChuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle8686296

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. HF Mathews D Lannin J. Mitchell (1994) ArticleTitleComing to terms with advanced breast cancer: Black women’s narratives from eastern North Carolina Soc Sci Med. 38 789–800 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0277-9536(94)90151-1 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2c3ktVGktA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle8184330

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. B. Powe (1995) ArticleTitleCancer fatalism among elderly Caucasians and African Americans Oncol Nurs Forum. 22 1355–1359 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK287itl2lsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle8539176

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. LM. Pachter (1994) ArticleTitleCulture and clinical care Folk illness beliefs and behaviors and their implications for health care delivery. Jama. 271 690–694 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2c7kt1Srug%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. B Meyerowitz J Richardson S Hudson B. Leedham (1998) ArticleTitleEthnicity and cancer outcomes: Behavioral and psychosocial considerations Psychol Bull. 123 47–70 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0033-2909.123.1.47 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c7itlCjtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9461853

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. J Barroso S McMillan L Casey W Gibson G Kaminski J. Meyer (2000) ArticleTitleComparison between African-American and White women in their beliefs about breast cancer and their health locus of control Cancer Nurs. 23 268–276 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00002820-200008000-00003 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvisF2ksw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10939174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. AE Maluish JW Reid EA Crisp etal. (1985) ArticleTitleImmunomodulatory effects of poly(I,C)-LC in cancer patients J Biol Response Modif. 4 656–663 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL287hsVWgtg%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. BA Jones SV Kasl MG Curnen PH Owens R Dubrow (1995) ArticleTitleCan mammography screening explain the race difference in stage at diagnosis of breast cancer? Cancer. 75 2103–2113 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2M3htFOisQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle7697601

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. BA Jones SV Kasl MG McCrea Curnen PH Owens R. Dubrow (1997) ArticleTitleSevere obesity as an explanatory factor for the black/white difference in stage at diagnosis of breast cancer Am J Epidemiol. 146 394–404 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2svjsFygsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9290499

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. H Soler-Vila SV Kasl BA. Jones (2003) ArticleTitlePrognostic significance of psychosocial factors in African-American and white breast cancer patients: a population-based study Cancer. 98 1299–1308 Occurrence Handle10.1002/cncr.11670 Occurrence Handle12973855

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. J Howard BF Hankey RS Greenberg etal. (1992) ArticleTitleA collaborative study of differences in the survival rates of black patients and white patients with cancer Cancer. 69 2349–2360 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK383isVWnug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle1562983

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Shambaugh E, Ries LG, Young J. (1988). SEER Extent of Disease–1988 codes and coding instructions. Nat Cancer Inst

  37. VanNess PH, Kasl SV, Jones BA (In Press) Religion, race, and breast cancer survival. International J Psychiatry Med

  38. Duncan O. (1961). A Socioeconomic Index for All Occupations. In: aj r ed Occupations and Social Status. New York: Free Press, pp. 109–138

  39. G Stevens D. Featherman (1981) ArticleTitleA revised socioeconomic index of occupational status Soc Sci Res. 10 364–395 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0049-089X(81)90011-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. O Beahrs D Henson R Hutter (Eds) (1988) American Joint Committee on Cancer. Manual for Staging of Cancer JB Lippincott Company Philadelphia PA

    Google Scholar 

  41. H Bloom W. Richardson (1957) ArticleTitleHistological grading and prognosis in breast cancer: a study of 1209 cases of which 359 have been followed for 15 years Br J Cancer. 11 359–377 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaG1c%2Fkt1Gmtg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle13499785

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. PD. Allison (1995) Survival Analysis Using the SAS System: A Practical Guide SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC

    Google Scholar 

  43. AG Muller JA Van Zyl G. Joubert (1989) ArticleTitleAnalysis of prognostic factors in 568 patients treated for breast cancer by surgery J Surg Oncol - Suppl. 42 126–131 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2Fhtleitw%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. RM Elledge GM Clark GC Chamness CK. Osborne (1994) ArticleTitleTumor biologic factors and breast cancer prognosis among white, Hispanic, and black women in the United States. [see comments.]. J Nat Cancer Inst 86 705–712 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2c3htVGmsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle7908990

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. A Jemal T Murray A Samuels A Ghafoor E Ward MJ. Thun (2003) ArticleTitleCancer statistics, 2003 CA Cancer J Clin. 53 5–26 Occurrence Handle12568441 Occurrence Handle10.3322/canjclin.53.1.5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. M Prochazka F Granath A Ekbom PG Shields P. Hall (2002) ArticleTitleLung cancer risks in women with previous breast cancer Eur J Cancer. 38 1520–1525 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0959-8049(02)00089-8 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zms1CltA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle12110499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. J Manjer I Andersson G Berglund etal. (2000) ArticleTitleSurvival of women with breast cancer in relation to smoking Eur J Surg. 166 852–858 Occurrence Handle10.1080/110241500447227 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzgtlKiug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11097150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. MB Ford AJ Sigurdson ES Petrulis etal. (2003) ArticleTitleEffects of smoking and radiotherapy on lung carcinoma in breast carcinoma survivors Cancer. 98 1457–1464 Occurrence Handle10.1002/cncr.11669 Occurrence Handle14508833

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. PA McDonald R Williams F Dawkins LL. Adams-Campbell (2002) ArticleTitleBreast cancer survival in African American women: is alcohol consumption a prognostic indicator? Cancer Causes Control. 13 543–549 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1016337102256 Occurrence Handle12195644

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. ML Margolis JD Christie GA Silvestri L Kaiser S Santiago J. Hansen-Flaschen (2003) ArticleTitleRacial differences pertaining to a belief about lung cancer surgery: results of a multicenter survey Ann Intern Med. 139 558–563 Occurrence Handle14530226

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. A Baum DM. Posluszny (1999) ArticleTitleHealth psychology: mapping biobehavioral contributions to health and illness Ann Rev Psychol. 50 137–163 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.137 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M7nsVantw%3D%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. S Levy R Herberman M Lippman T. d’Angelo (1987) ArticleTitleCorrelation of stress factors with sustained depression of natural killer cell activity and predicted prognosis in patients with breast cancer J Clin Oncol. 5 348–353 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL2s7ktVWquw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle3546612

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. SM Levy RB Herberman M Lippman T D’Angelo J. Lee (1991) ArticleTitleImmunological and psychosocial predictors of disease recurrence in patients with early-stage breast cancer Behav Med. 17 67–75 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK3Mzks1yltA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle1878611 Occurrence Handle10.1080/08964289.1991.9935161

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. K Fiscella P. Franks (1997) ArticleTitleDoes psychological distress contribute to racial and socioeconomic disparities in mortality? Soc Sci Med. 45 1805–1809 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00111-1 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c7gvV2gsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9447630

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. D Spiegel R Moore (1997) ArticleTitleImagery and hypnosis in the treatment of cancer patients Oncology (Huntingt). 11 1179–1189 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2svhsVWjsQ%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. S Cohen TB. Herbert (1996) ArticleTitleHealth psychology: psychological factors and physical disease from the perspective of human psychoneuroimmunology Ann Rev Psychol. 47 113–142 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.113 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK287ptlehuw%3D%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. P Salovey AJ Rothman JB Detweiler WT. Steward (2000) ArticleTitleEmotional states and physical health Am Psychol. 55 110–121 Occurrence Handle10.1037//0003-066X.55.1.110 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzhvVKjtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11392855

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. DN Pearlman MA Clark W Rakowski B. Ehrich (1999) ArticleTitleScreening for breast and cervical cancers: the importance of knowledge and perceived cancer survivability Women Health. 28 93–112 Occurrence Handle10.1300/J013v28n04_06 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1Mzgs1Wisg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10378347

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. P Schofield D Ball JG Smith etal. (2004) ArticleTitleOptimism and survival in lung carcinoma patients Cancer. 100 1276–1282 Occurrence Handle10.1002/cncr.20076 Occurrence Handle15022297

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. A Planting P Helle P Drings et al. (1996) ArticleTitleA randomized study of high-dose split course radiotherapy preceded by high-dose chemotherapy versus high-dose radiotherapy only in locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer An EORTC Lung Cancer Cooperative Group trial. Ann Oncol 7 139–144 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK283mt1aqtQ%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. RO Dillman J Herndon SL Seagren WL Eaton SuffixJr. MR. Green (1996) ArticleTitleImproved survival in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: seven-year follow-up of cancer and leukemia group B (CALGB) 8433 trial J Natl Cancer Inst. 88 1210–1215 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK28znsVeguw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle8780630

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. K Fiscella P. Franks (1997) ArticleTitleDoes psychological distress contribute to racial and socioeconomic disparities in mortality Soc Sci Med. 45 1805–1809 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00111-1 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c7gvV2gsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9447630

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. PJ Allison C Guichard K Fung L. Gilain (2003) ArticleTitleDispositional optimism predicts survival status 1year after diagnosis in head and neck cancer patients J Clin Oncol. 21 543–548 Occurrence Handle10.1200/JCO.2003.10.092 Occurrence Handle12560447

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. MH. Antoni (2003) ArticleTitlePsychoneuroendocrinology and Psychoneuroimmunology of cancer: Plausible mechanisms worth pursuing? Brain Behav lmmun. 17 IssueIDSupp 1 S84–S91 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0889-1591(02)00074-0 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhsVCgsLw%3D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, LEPH 147, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA

    Hosanna Soler-Vila, Stanislav V Kasl & Beth A Jones

Authors
  1. Hosanna Soler-Vila
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stanislav V Kasl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Beth A Jones
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hosanna Soler-Vila.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Soler-Vila, H., Kasl, S.V. & Jones, B.A. Cancer-specific beliefs and survival: A population-based study of African-American and White breast cancer patients. Cancer Causes Control 16, 105–114 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-004-2232-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-004-2232-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation