Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Brain tumors and hormonal factors: review of the epidemiological literature

  • Original paper
  • Published:
Cancer Causes & Control Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

To date, the etiology of primary tumors of the central nervous system (mainly gliomas and meningiomas) is poorly understood. The role of sex hormones has been suggested, based on clinical, experimental, biological, and epidemiological data.

Objective

To review the epidemiological studies on the relation between hormonal factors and the occurrence of glioma and meningioma, in order to identify new research developments.

Methods

Articles published until September 2010 were selected by considering exogenous and endogenous exposures and specific brain tumors. Standardized information was collected from 20 articles: 15 concerning gliomas and 13 meningiomas.

Results

An increased glioma risk was observed with later menarche and menopause, while a reduced glioma risk was observed with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and oral contraceptive use, despite duration of use had no effect on risk. Meningioma risk increased after menopause and with HRT use. No clear association was found with pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Conclusion

Results are globally concordant with the biologic hypothesis assuming that female sex hormones are protective against glioma and may increase the risk of meningioma. However, new epidemiological studies should be conducted in order to confirm these associations and to refine the role of hormonal factors in brain etiology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. CBTRUS. CBTRUS Statistical Report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2004–2006 central braintumor registry of the United States, Hinsdale, IL; 2010 [updated 2010; cited 2010 Aug 20]; Available from: http://www.cbtrus.org/2010-NPCR-SEER/CBTRUS-WEBREPORT-Final-3-2-10.pdf

  2. Loiseau H, Huchet A, Rue M, Cowppli-Bony A, Baldi I (2009) Epidémiologie des tumeurs cérébrales primitives. Rev Neurol (Paris) 165(8–9):650–670

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Wrensch M, Minn Y, Chew T, Bondy M, Berger MS (2002) Epidemiology of primary brain tumors: current concepts and review of the literature. Neuro Oncol 4(4):278–299

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Inskip PD, Linet MS, Heineman EF (1995) Etiology of brain tumors in adults. Epidemiol Rev 17(2):382–414

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Fisher JL, Schwartzbaum JA, Wrensch M, Wiemels JL (2007) Epidemiology of brain tumors. Neurol Clin 25(4):867–890, vii

    Google Scholar 

  6. Piper JG, Follett KA, Fantin A (1994) Sphenoid wing meningioma progression after placement of a subcutaneous progesterone agonist contraceptive implant. Neurosurgery 34(4):723–725

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bickerstaff ER, Small JM, Guest IA (1958) The relapsing course of certain meningiomas in relation to pregnancy and menstruation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 21(2):89–91

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ismail K, Coakham HB, Walters FJ (1998) Intracranial meningioma with progesterone positive receptors presenting in late pregnancy. Eur J Anaesthesiol 15(1):106–109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Michelsen JJ, New PF (1969) Brain tumour and pregnancy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 32(4):305–307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Saitoh Y, Oku Y, Izumoto S, Go J (1989) Rapid growth of a meningioma during pregnancy: relationship with estrogen and progesterone receptors-case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 29(5):440–443

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Wan WL, Geller JL, Feldon SE, Sadun AA (1990) Visual loss caused by rapidly progressive intracranial meningiomas during pregnancy. Ophthalmology 97(1):18–21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Roelvink NC, Kamphorst W, Van Alphen HA, Rao BR (1987) Pregnancy-related primary brain and spinal tumors. Arch Neurol 44(2):209–215

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Deipolyi AR, Han SJ, Parsa AT (2010) Development of a symptomatic intracranial meningioma in a male-to-female transsexual after initiation of hormone therapy. J Clin Neurosci 17(10):1324–1326

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gazzeri R, Galarza M, Gazzeri G (2007) Growth of a meningioma in a transsexual patient after estrogen-progestin therapy. N Engl J Med 357(23):2411–2412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Gruber T, Dare AO, Balos LL, Lele S, Fenstermaker RA (2004) Multiple meningiomas arising during long-term therapy with the progesterone agonist megestrol acetate. Case report. J Neurosurg 100(2):328–331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Vadivelu S, Sharer L, Schulder M (2010) Regression of multiple intracranial meningiomas after cessation of long-term progesterone agonist therapy. J Neurosurg 112(5):920–924

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Speirs V, Boyle-Walsh E, Fraser WD (1997) Constitutive co-expression of estrogen and progesterone receptor mRNA in human meningiomas by RT-PCR and response of in vitro cell cultures to steroid hormones. Int J Cancer 72(5):714–719

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chamaon K, Stojek J, Kanakis D, Braeuninger S, Kirches E, Krause G et al (2005) Micromolar concentrations of 2-methoxyestradiol kill glioma cells by an apoptotic mechanism, without destroying their microtubule cytoskeleton. J Neurooncol 72(1):11–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lis A, Ciesielski MJ, Barone TA, Scott BE, Fenstermaker RA, Plunkett RJ (2004) 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits proliferation of normal and neoplastic glial cells, and induces cell death, in vitro. Cancer Lett 213(1):57–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kang SH, Cho HT, Devi S, Zhang Z, Escuin D, Liang Z et al (2006) Antitumor effect of 2-methoxyestradiol in a rat orthotopic brain tumor model. Cancer Res 66(24):11991–11997

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Verzat C, Delisle MB, Courriere P, Hollande E (1990) Influence of host sex on the growth of a human glioblastoma line in athymic mice. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 16(2):141–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Plunkett RJ, Lis A, Barone TA, Fronckowiak MD, Greenberg SJ (1999) Hormonal effects on glioblastoma multiforme in the nude rat model. J Neurosurg 90(6):1072–1077

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Barone TA, Gorski JW, Greenberg SJ, Plunkett RJ (2009) Estrogen increases survival in an orthotopic model of glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 95(1):37–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Carroll RS, Zhang J, Dashner K, Sar M, Black PM (1995) Steroid hormone receptors in astrocytic neoplasms. Neurosurgery 37(3):496–503

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Khalid H, Shibata S, Kishikawa M, Yasunaga A, Iseki M, Hiura T (1997) Immunohistochemical analysis of progesterone receptor and Ki-67 labeling index in astrocytic tumors. Cancer 80(11):2133–2140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Konstantinidou AE, Korkolopoulou P, Mahera H, Kotsiakis X, Hranioti S, Eftychiadis C et al (2003) Hormone receptors in non-malignant meningiomas correlate with apoptosis, cell proliferation and recurrence-free survival. Histopathology 43(3):280–290

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Korhonen K, Salminen T, Raitanen J, Auvinen A, Isola J, Haapasalo H (2006) Female predominance in meningiomas can not be explained by differences in progesterone, estrogen, or androgen receptor expression. J Neurooncol 80(1):1–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Pravdenkova S, Al-Mefty O, Sawyer J, Husain M (2006) Progesterone and estrogen receptors: opposing prognostic indicators in meningiomas. J Neurosurg 105(2):163–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wahab M, Al-Azzawi F (2003) Meningioma and hormonal influences. Climacteric 6(4):285–292

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Helseth A, Mork SJ, Johansen A, Tretli S (1989) Neoplasms of the central nervous system in Norway. IV. A population-based epidemiological study of meningiomas. APMIS 97(7):646–654

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Preston-Martin S (1989) Descriptive epidemiology of primary tumors of the brain, cranial nerves and cranial meninges in Los Angeles county. Neuroepidemiology 8(6):283–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. McKinley BP, Michalek AM, Fenstermaker RA, Plunkett RJ (2000) The impact of age and sex on the incidence of glial tumors in New York state from 1976 to 1995. J Neurosurg 93(6):932–939

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Custer BS, Koepsell TD, Mueller BA (2002) The association between breast carcinoma and meningioma in women. Cancer 94(6):1626–1635

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Schneider B, Pulhorn H, Rohrig B, Rainov NG (2005) Predisposing conditions and risk factors for development of symptomatic meningioma in adults. Cancer Detect Prev 29(5):440–447

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Schoenberg BS, Christine BW, Whisnant JP (1975) Nervous system neoplasms and primary malignancies of other sites. The unique association between meningiomas and breast cancer. Neurology 25(8):705–712

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Seal S, Thompson D, Renwick A, Elliott A, Kelly P, Barfoot R et al (2006) Truncating mutations in the Fanconi anemia J gene BRIP1 are low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Nat Genet 38(11):1239–1241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Bethke L, Murray A, Webb E, Schoemaker M, Muir K, McKinney P et al (2008) Comprehensive analysis of DNA repair gene variants and risk of meningioma. J Natl Cancer Inst 100(4):270–276

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Benson VS, Pirie K, Green J, Casabonne D, Beral V (2008) Lifestyle factors and primary glioma and meningioma tumours in the million women study cohort. Br J Cancer 99(1):185–190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Benson VS, Pirie K, Green J, Bull D, Casabonne D, Reeves GK et al (2010) Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of central nervous system tumours in the million women study. Int J Cancer 127(7):1692–1698

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hatch EE, Linet MS, Zhang J, Fine HA, Shapiro WR, Selker RG et al (2005) Reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of brain tumors in adult females. Int J Cancer 114(5):797–805

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Blitshteyn S, Crook JE, Jaeckle KA (2008) Is there an association between meningioma and hormone replacement therapy? J Clin Oncol 26(2):279–282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cantor KP, Lynch CF, Johnson D (1993) Reproductive factors and risk of brain, colon, and other malignancies in Iowa (United States). Cancer Causes Control 4(6):505–511

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Cicuttini FM, Hurley SF, Forbes A, Donnan GA, Salzberg M, Giles GG et al (1997) Association of adult glioma with medical conditions, family and reproductive history. Int J Cancer 71(2):203–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Custer B, Longstreth WT Jr, Phillips LE, Koepsell TD, Van Belle G (2006) Hormonal exposures and the risk of intracranial meningioma in women: a population-based case-control study. BMC Cancer 6:152–160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Felini MJ, Olshan AF, Schroeder JC, Carozza SE, Miike R, Rice T et al (2008) Reproductive factors and hormone use and risk of adult gliomas. Cancer Causes Control 20:87–96

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Huang K, Whelan EA, Ruder AM, Ward EM, Deddens JA, Davis-King KE et al (2004) Reproductive factors and risk of glioma in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13(10):1583–1588

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lambe M, Coogan P, Baron J (1997) Reproductive factors and the risk of brain tumors: a population-based study in Sweden. Int J Cancer 72(3):389–393

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Lee E, Grutsch J, Persky V, Glick R, Mendes J, Davis F (2006) Association of meningioma with reproductive factors. Int J Cancer 119(5):1152–1157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Preston-Martin S, Monroe K, Lee PJ, Bernstein L, Kelsey J, Henderson S et al (1995) Spinal meningiomas in women in Los Angeles county: investigation of an etiological hypothesis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4(4):333–339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Schlehofer B, Blettner M, Preston-Martin S, Niehoff D, Wahrendorf J, Arslan A et al (1999) Role of medical history in brain tumour development. Results from the international adult brain tumour study. Int J Cancer 82(2):155–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Schlehofer B, Blettner M, Wahrendorf J (1992) Association between brain tumors and menopausal status. J Natl Cancer Inst 84(17):1346–1349

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Silvera SA, Miller AB, Rohan TE (2006) Hormonal and reproductive factors and risk of glioma: a prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer 118(5):1321–1324

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Wigertz A, Lonn S, Hall P, Auvinen A, Christensen HC, Johansen C et al (2008) Reproductive factors and risk of meningioma and glioma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17(10):2663–2670

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Wigertz A, Lonn S, Mathiesen T, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M (2006) Risk of brain tumors associated with exposure to exogenous female sex hormones. Am J Epidemiol 164(7):629–636

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kabat GC, Park Y, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Rohan TE (2011) Reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use and risk of adult glioma in women in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Int J Cancer 128(4):944–950

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Hochberg F, Toniolo P, Cole P, Salcman M (1990) Nonoccupational risk indicators of glioblastoma in adults. J Neurooncol 8(1):55–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Jhawar BS, Fuchs CS, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ (2003) Sex steroid hormone exposures and risk for meningioma. J Neurosurg 99(5):848–853

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ryan P, Lee MW, North B, McMichael AJ (1992) Risk factors for tumors of the brain and meninges: results from the Adelaide adult brain tumor study. Int J Cancer 51(1):20–27

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Madigan MP, Troisi R, Potischman N, Dorgan JF, Brinton LA, Hoover RN (1998) Serum hormone levels in relation to reproductive and lifestyle factors in postmenopausal women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 9(2):199–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ernster VL, Wrensch MR, Petrakis NL, King EB, Miike R, Murai J et al (1987) Benign and malignant breast disease: initial study results of serum and breast fluid analyses of endogenous estrogens. J Natl Cancer Inst 79(5):949–960

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. MacMahon B, Trichopoulos D, Brown J, Andersen AP, Cole P, de Waard F et al (1982) Age at menarche, urine estrogens and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 30(4):427–431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Trichopoulos D, Brown J, MacMahon B (1987) Urine estrogens and breast cancer risk factors among post-menopausal women. Int J Cancer 40(6):721–725

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Apter D, Reinila M, Vihko R (1989) Some endocrine characteristics of early menarche, a risk factor for breast cancer, are preserved into adulthood. Int J Cancer 44(5):783–787

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Behl C (2002) Estrogen can protect neurons: modes of action. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 83(1–5):195–197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Shy H, Malaiyandi L, Timiras PS (2000) Protective action of 17beta-estradiol and tamoxifen on glutamate toxicity in glial cells. Int J Dev Neurosci 18(2–3):289–297

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Dhandapani KM, Wade FM, Mahesh VB, Brann DW (2005) Astrocyte-derived transforming growth factor-{beta} mediates the neuroprotective effects of 17{beta}-estradiol: involvement of nonclassical genomic signaling pathways. Endocrinology 146(6):2749–2759

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Yague JG, Munoz A, de Monasterio-Schrader P, Defelipe J, Garcia-Segura LM, Azcoitia I (2006) Aromatase expression in the human temporal cortex. Neuroscience 138(2):389–401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Inoue T, Sasano H (2004) Possible effects of progesterone on human central nervous system and neurogenic tumors. J Endocrinol Invest 27(1):76–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Dhandapani KM, Brann DW (2007) Role of astrocytes in estrogen-mediated neuroprotection. Exp Gerontol 42(1–2):70–75

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Camacho-Arroyo I, Guerra-Araiza C, Cerbon MA (1998) Progesterone receptor isoforms are differentially regulated by sex steroids in the rat forebrain. Neuroreport 9(18):3993–3996

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Guerra-Araiza C, Villamar-Cruz O, Gonzalez-Arenas A, Chavira R, Camacho-Arroyo I (2003) Changes in progesterone receptor isoforms content in the rat brain during the oestrous cycle and after oestradiol and progesterone treatments. J Neuroendocrinol 15(10):984–990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Inoue T, Akahira J, Suzuki T, Darnel AD, Kaneko C, Takahashi K et al (2002) Progesterone production and actions in the human central nervous system and neurogenic tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(11):5325–5331

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Brinton RD, Thompson RF, Foy MR, Baudry M, Wang J, Finch CE et al (2008) Progesterone receptors: form and function in brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 29(2):313–339

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Chubak J, Tworoger SS, Yasui Y, Ulrich CM, Stanczyk FZ, McTiernan A (2004) Associations between reproductive and menstrual factors and postmenopausal sex hormone concentrations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13(8):1296–1301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Key TJ, Pike MC, Wang DY, Moore JW (1990) Long term effects of a first pregnancy on serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70(6):1651–1653

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Musey VC, Collins DC, Brogan DR, Santos VR, Musey PI, Martino-Saltzman D et al (1987) Long term effects of a first pregnancy on the hormonal environment: estrogens and androgens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 64(1):111–118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Musey VC, Collins DC, Musey PI, Martino-Saltzman D, Preedy JR (1987) Long-term effect of a first pregnancy on the secretion of prolactin. N Engl J Med 316(5):229–234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Cetin I, Cozzi V, Antonazzo P (2008) Infertility as a cancer risk factor—a review. Placenta 29(Suppl B):169–177

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Claus EB, Black PM, Bondy ML, Calvocoressi L, Schildkraut JM, Wiemels JL et al (2007) Exogenous hormone use and meningioma risk: what do we tell our patients? Cancer 110(3):471–476

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Grunberg SM (1994) Role of antiprogestational therapy for meningiomas. Hum Reprod 9(Suppl 1):202–207

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Grunberg SM, Weiss MH (1990) Lack of efficacy of megestrol acetate in the treatment of unresectable meningioma. J Neurooncol 8(1):61–65

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Grunberg SM, Weiss MH, Spitz IM, Ahmadi J, Sadun A, Russell CA et al (1991) Treatment of unresectable meningiomas with the antiprogesterone agent mifepristone. J Neurosurg 74(6):861–866

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Jaaskelainen J, Laasonen E, Karkkainen J, Haltia M, Troupp H (1986) Hormone treatment of meningiomas: lack of response to medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). A pilot study of five cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 80(1–2):35–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Koide SS (1998) Mifepristone. Auxiliary therapeutic use in cancer and related disorders. J Reprod Med 43(7):551–560

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Lamberts SW, Tanghe HL, Avezaat CJ, Braakman R, Wijngaarde R, Koper JW et al (1992) Mifepristone (RU 486) treatment of meningiomas. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 55(6):486–490

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Matsuda Y, Kawamoto K, Kiya K, Kurisu K, Sugiyama K, Uozumi T (1994) Antitumor effects of antiprogesterones on human meningioma cells in vitro and in vivo. J Neurosurg 80(3):527–534

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire Santé Travail Environnement, Institut de Santé Publique d’Epidémiologie et de Développement, IFR 99, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France

    Anne Cowppli-Bony, Ghislaine Bouvier & Isabelle Baldi

  2. Service de neurochirurgie, CHU Pellegrin, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France

    Marjory Rué & Hugues Loiseau

  3. Service de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France

    Anne Vital

  4. GRECAN, Centre François Baclesse, Université de Caen-Basse Normandie, Caen, France

    Pierre Lebailly

  5. Unité de Biostatistiques Epidémiologie, Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Université de Montpellier I, Montpellier, France

    Pascale Fabbro-Peray

Authors
  1. Anne Cowppli-Bony
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ghislaine Bouvier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marjory Rué
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hugues Loiseau
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Anne Vital
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Pierre Lebailly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Pascale Fabbro-Peray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Isabelle Baldi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anne Cowppli-Bony.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Cowppli-Bony, A., Bouvier, G., Rué, M. et al. Brain tumors and hormonal factors: review of the epidemiological literature. Cancer Causes Control 22, 697–714 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-011-9742-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-011-9742-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation