Abstract
Background and Aims The high level of circulating insulin in diabetic patients and the potential proliferative properties of insulin as a result of its cross interaction with insulin-growth factor-I (IGF-I) receptors suggest a proto-oncogenic role on the colonocyte. The aim of our study was to determine whether poor control of diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased prevalence of colonic adenomatous polyps (APs), especially those that are advanced . Methods A retrospective review of all patients with type-2 DM diagnosed with APs from 1996 to 2006 was performed. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were evaluated as an index of glycemic control over the year that preceded the diagnosis of APs. A total of 33 factors were assessed in the patients grouped as well controlled (HbA1c < 7.5%) and poorly controlled (HbA1c ≥ 7.5%). Factors associated with advanced APs in each group were examined using univariate analysis (UA). Significant variables by UA were included in a stepwise logistic regression analysis to determine independent predictors of aggressive clinical behavior by the polyps. All values are presented as means ± SE, and statistical significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. Results Approximately 652 patients with DM type-2 and APs were identified. UA demonstrated that patients with poorly controlled DM-2 had a significantly increased incidence of right-sided APs (P = 0.001), a greater number of APs (P < 0.005), more advanced APs (P < 0.005), a younger age of presentation (P = 0.001), a history of smoking (P = 0.05), and greater use of exogenous insulin (P = 0.01). Logistic regression, as measured by HbA1c, demonstrated that poorly controlled DM-2 independently predicted a greater prevalence of right-sided AP, a more advanced lesion at the time of presentation, a greater number of polyps, and greater use of exogenous insulin. Conclusions Poor glycemic control in patients with DM-2 independently predicts an aggressive clinical course for patients with APs. Small differences in HbA1c elevation and, by inference, small differences in circulating insulin levels may lead to large variations in the behavior of APs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Engelgau MM, Geiss LS, Saaddine JB, Boyle JP, Benjamin SM, Gregg EW, Tierney EF, Rios-Burrows N, Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Imperatore G, Narayan KM (2004) The evolving diabetes burden in the United States. Ann Intern Med 140:945–950
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Smigal C, Thun MJ (2006) Cancer statistics, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 56:106–130
Schulze MB, Hu FB (2005) Primary prevention of diabetes: what can be done and how much can be prevented? Annu Rev Public Health 26:445–467
Giovannucci E (2002) Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 31:925–943
Fung TT, Schulze M, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB (2004) Dietary patterns, meat intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Arch Intern Med 164:2235–2240
Will JC, Galuska DA, Vinicor F, Calle EE (1998) Colorectal cancer: another complication of diabetes mellitus? Am J Epidemiol 147:816–825
Hu FB, Manson JE, Liu S, Hunter D, Colditz GA, Michels KB, Speizer FE, Giovannucci E (1999) Prospective study of adult onset diabetes mellitus (type 2) and risk of colorectal cancer in women. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:542–547
Limburg PJ, Vierkant RA, Fredericksen ZS, Leibson CL, Rizza RA, Gupta AK, Ahlquist DA, Melton LJ III, Sellers TA, Cerhan JR (2006) Clinically confirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus and colorectal cancer risk: a population-based, retrospective cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 101:1872–1879
Khaw KT, Wareham N, Bingham S, Luben R, Welch A, Day N (2004) Preliminary communication: glycated hemoglobin, diabetes, and incident colorectal cancer in men and women: a prospective analysis from the European prospective investigation into cancer-Norfolk study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:915–919
Wei EK, Ma J, Pollak MN, Rifai N, Fuchs CS, Hankinson SE, Giovannucci E (2005) A prospective study of C-peptide, insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1, and the risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:850–855
Giovannucci E (1995) Insulin and colon cancer. Cancer Causes Control 6:164–179
Tran TT, Medline A, Bruce WR (1996) Insulin promotion of colon tumors in rats. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5:1013–1015
Wu X, Fan Z, Masui H, Rosen N, Mendelsohn J (1995) Apoptosis induced by an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody in a human colorectal carcinoma cell line and its delay by insulin. J Clin Invest 95:1897–1905
Corpet DE, Jacquinet C, Peiffer G, Tache S (1997) Insulin injections promote the growth of aberrant crypt foci in the colon of rats. Nutr Cancer 27:316–320
Koenuma M, Yamori T, Tsuruo T (1989) Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 stimulate proliferation of metastatic variants of colon carcinoma 26. Jpn J Cancer Res 80:51–58
Nilsen TI, Vatten LJ (2001) Prospective study of colorectal cancer risk and physical activity, diabetes, blood glucose and BMI: exploring the hyperinsulinaemia hypothesis. Br J Cancer 84:417–422
Saydah SH, Platz EA, Rifai N, Pollak MN, Brancati FL, Helzlsouer KJ (2003) Association of markers of insulin and glucose control with subsequent colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12:412–418
Bunn HF, Gabbay KH, Gallop PM (1978) The glycosylation of hemoglobin: relevance to diabetes mellitus. Science 200:21–27
Davidson MB, Schriger DL, Peters AL, Lorber B (2000) Revisiting the oral glucose tolerance test criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes. J Gen Intern Med 15:551–555
Goldstein DE, Little RR, Wiedmeyer HM, England JD, McKenzie EM (1986) Glycated hemoglobin: methodologies and clinical applications. Clin Chem 32:B64–B70
Renehan AG, Painter JE, Atkin WS, Potten CS, Shalet SM, O’Dwyer ST (2001) High-risk colorectal adenomas and serum insulin-like growth factors. Br J Surg 88:107–113
Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus (2003) Diabetes Care 26 Suppl 1:S33–S50
Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment, risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group (1998) Lancet 352:837–853
Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, O’Brien MJ, Gottlieb LS, Sternberg SS, Waye JD, Schapiro M, Bond JH, Panish JF (1993) Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. The National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med 329:1977–1981
Bond JH (1993) Polyp guideline: diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance for patients with nonfamilial colorectal polyps. The Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Ann Intern Med 119:836–843
Terdiman JP (2000) Genomic events in the adenoma to carcinoma sequence. Semin Gastrointest Dis 11:194–206
mas-Beauvieux MC, Peuchant E, Thomas MJ, Dubourg L, Pinto AP, Clerc M, Gin H (1998) The place of electron spin resonance methods in the detection of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes with poor glycemic control. Clin Biochem 31:221–228
Stamp D, Zhang XM, Medline A, Bruce WR, Archer MC (1993) Sucrose enhancement of the early steps of colon carcinogenesis in mice. Carcinogenesis 14:777–779
Bird RP, Medline A, Furrer R, Bruce WR (1985) Toxicity of orally administered fat to the colonic epithelium of mice. Carcinogenesis 6:1063–1066
Bird CL, Ingles SA, Frankl HD, Lee ER, Longnecker MP, Haile RW (1996) Serum lipids and adenomas of the left colon and rectum. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5:607–612
Trevisan M, Liu J, Muti P, Misciagna G, Menotti A, Fucci F (2001) Markers of insulin resistance and colorectal cancer mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10:937–941
Yamada K, Araki S, Tamura M, Sakai I, Takahashi Y, Kashihara H, Kono S (1998) Relation of serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides and fasting plasma glucose to colorectal carcinoma in situ. Int J Epidemiol 27:794–798
Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O’Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, Egger M (2004) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet 363:1346–1353
Sandhu MS, Dunger DB, Giovannucci EL (2002) Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF binding proteins, their biologic interactions, and colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:972–980
Harris MI, Klein R, Welborn TA, Knuiman MW (1992) Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4–7 yr before clinical diagnosis. Diabetes Care 15:815–819
Schoen RE, Weissfeld JL, Kuller LH, Thaete FL, Evans RW, Hayes RB, Rosen CJ (2005) Insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin are associated with the presence and advancement of adenomatous polyps. Gastroenterology 129:464–475
Giovannucci E (2001) Insulin, insulin-like growth factors and colon cancer: a review of the evidence. J Nutr 131:3109S–3120S
Liu LU, Holt PR, Krivosheyev V, Moss SF (1999) Human right and left colon differ in epithelial cell apoptosis and in expression of Bak, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 homologue. Gut 45:45–50
Yoshida I, Suzuki A, Vallee M, Matano Y, Masunaga T, Zenda T, Shinozaki K, Okada T (2006) Serum insulin levels and the prevalence of adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps in the proximal colon. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 4:1225–1231
Acknowledgment
This study was funded entirely by the Dallas VA Medical Center through existing intramural funds and salary support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Authors disclosure: The authors attest that they have no commercial associations (e.g., equity ownership or interest, consultancy, patent and licensing agreement, or institutional and corporate associations) that might be a conflict of interest in relation to the submitted manuscript.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Siddiqui, A.A., Maddur, H., Naik, S. et al. The Association of Elevated HbA1c on the Behavior of Adenomatous Polyps in Patients with Type-II Diabetes Mellitus. Dig Dis Sci 53, 1042–1047 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-007-9970-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-007-9970-6