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Oppositional Defiant Disorder—Gender Differences in Co-occurring Symptoms of Mental Health Problems in a General Population of Children

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Abstract

Informant- and gender-specific characteristics of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and how these might relate to patterns of comorbidity need to be further clarified. We collected data from 7,007 children (aged 7–9) who participated in the Bergen Child Study (BCS), an ongoing population-based study of children’s development and mental health. A questionnaire containing the DSM-IV behavioral descriptions of ODD was distributed to parents and teachers. Co-occurring symptoms of mental health problems were measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The boys (n = 122) and girls (n = 41) with symptomatic ODD had an increased risk of co-occurring emotional symptoms, hyperactivity or inattention and peer problems, as compared to their peers without symptomatic ODD. The impact of symptomatic ODD was higher for boys than girls in teacher reported SDQ ratings, except for emotional symptoms. There were no significant interaction effects of gender in parent SDQ ratings. Our results are contrary to the gender paradox hypothesis, which states that co-occurring symptoms of mental health problems are more frequent among girls with ODD as compared to boys with ODD.

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Abbreviations

BCS:

Bergen Child Study

ODD:

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

SDQ:

Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire

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Acknowledgements

Our special thanks go to all the participants in the Bergen Child Study (BCS), and the members of the BCS-project group for the collaboration and effort that made this study possible. The authors would like to thank Jim Stevenson and Robert A. Wicklund for reading and commenting on drafts of this manuscript.

Financial support

The current study was supported by the University of Bergen, the Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs, the Western Norway Regional Health Authority and the Research Council of Norway, and by “The National Program for Integrated Clinical Specialist and PhD-training for Psychologists”. The program is a joint cooperation between Universities in Norway, the Regional Health Authorities, and the Norwegian Psychological Association. The program is funded jointly by The Ministry of Education and Research, and the Ministry of Health and Care Services.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, 5015, Bergen, Norway

    Linda Helen Munkvold, Astri Johansen Lundervold & Terje Manger

  2. Division of psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway

    Linda Helen Munkvold

  3. Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway

    Linda Helen Munkvold & Astri Johansen Lundervold

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  1. Linda Helen Munkvold
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Correspondence to Linda Helen Munkvold.

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Munkvold, L.H., Lundervold, A.J. & Manger, T. Oppositional Defiant Disorder—Gender Differences in Co-occurring Symptoms of Mental Health Problems in a General Population of Children. J Abnorm Child Psychol 39, 577–587 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9486-6

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