Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Effects of Child Psychopathology on Maternal Depression: The Mediating Role of Child-Related Acute and Chronic Stressors

  • Published:
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In light of recent research highlighting the potential effects of children’s behavior on mothers’ mental health, the current study examined 679 mothers and their adolescent children from a community-based sample to determine the effects of youth psychopathology on maternal depression and levels of child-related stress in mothers’ lives. It was hypothesized that the number of past clinical diagnoses in 15-year-old adolescents would predict the presence of maternal depression at youth age 15 and 5 years later, as well as more episodes of maternal depression during the follow-up period. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that increased levels of child-related stress in mothers’ lives would mediate these relationships. Regression analyses indicated that past youth diagnoses do confer risk for the presence of current and future maternal depression, as well as more episodes of maternal depression, and mediation analyses revealed that child-related acute and chronic stress were mediators of the relationship between youth diagnoses and the presence of maternal depression at follow-up. Findings suggest that increased levels of child-related objective stress in mothers’ lives are one mechanism by which children’s psychopathology affects mothers’ future risk for depression.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baker, B. L., & Heller, T. L. (1996). Preschool children with externalizing behaviors: experience of fathers and mothers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 513–532.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, B. L., McIntyre, L. L., Blacher, J., Crnic, K., Edelbrock, C., & Low, C. (2003). Pre-school children with and without developmental delay: behavior problems and parenting stress over time. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47, 217–230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beardslee, W. R., Versage, E. M., & Gladstone, T. R. (1998). Children of affectively ill parents: a review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1134–1141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Befera, M. S., & Barkley, R. A. (1985). Hyperactive and normal girls and boys: mother-child interaction, parent psychiatric status and child psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 439–452.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Civic, D. C., & Holt, V. L. (2004). Maternal depressive symptoms and child behavior: problems in a nationally representative normal birthweight sample. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 4, 215–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, D. A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Girgus, J., & Gilda, P. (2006). Stress exposure and stress generation in child and adolescent depression: a latent trait-state-error approach to longitudinal analyses. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 40–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cui, M., Donnellan, M. B., & Conger, R. D. (2007). Reciprocal influences between parents’ marital problems and adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1544–1552.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cutrona, C. E., & Trouman, B. R. (1986). Social support, infant temperament, and parenting self-efficacy: a mediational model of post-partum depression. Child Development, 57, 1507–1518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeWolfe, N. A., Byrne, J. M., & Bawden, H. N. (2000). ADHD in preschool children: parent-related psychosocial correlates. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 42, 825–830.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donenberg, G., & Baker, B. L. (1993). The impact of young children with externalizing behaviors on their families. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 179–198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, J. (1997). Lessons from the study of bidirectional effects. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(4), 565–573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feske, U., Shear, M. K., Anderson, B., Cyranowski, J., Strassburger, M., Matty, M., et al. (2001). Comparison of severe life stress in depressed mother and non-mothers: do children matter? Depression and Anxiety, 13, 109–117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–IV Axis I Disorders-Clinician Version (SCID-CV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, M. (1990). Parenting stress and the child with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 19(4), 337–346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fombonne, E., Simmons, H., Ford, T., Meltzer, H., & Goodman, R. (2003). Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders in the British nationwide survey of child mental health. International Review of Psychiatry, 15, 158–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, C. E., Webster, M. C., Weissman, M. M., Pilowsky, D. J., Wickramaratne, P. J., Rush, A. J., et al. (2008). Course and severity of maternal depression: associations with family functioning and child adjustment. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 37, 906–916.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartstein, M. A., & Sheeber, L. (2004). Child behavior problems and maternal symptoms of depression: a mediational model. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 17, 141–150.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghodsian, M., Zajicek, E., & Wolkind, S. (1984). A longitudinal study of maternal depression and child behavior problems. Journal of Child Psychological Psychiatry, 25, 91–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gotlib, I. H., & Goodman, S. H. (1999). Children of parents with depression. In W. K. Silverman & T. H. Ollendick (Eds.), Developmental issues in the clinical treatment of children and adolescents (pp. 415–432). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, H. E., Shaw, D. S., & Moilanen, K. L. (2008). Reciprocal associations between boys’ externalizing problems and mothers’ depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 693–709.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, H. E., Shaw, D. S., Burwell, R. A., & Nagin, D. S. (2009). Transactional processes in child disruptive behavior and maternal depression: a longitudinal study from early childhood to adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 21, 139–156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C. (1991). Depression Runs in Families: The social context of risk and resilience in children of depressed mothers. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C. (2005). Stress and depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 293–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C. (2006). Stress generation in depression: reflections on origins, research, and future directions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62, 1065–1082.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hastings, R. P. (2002). Parental stress and behavior problems of children with developmental disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 27(3), 149–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herring, S., Gray, K., Taffe, J., Tonge, B., Sweeney, D., & Einfeld, S. (2006). Behavior and emotional problems in toddlers with pervasive developmental disorders and developmental delay: associations with parental mental health and family functioning. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50, 874–882.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hipwell, A., Keenan, K., Kasza, K., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Bean, T. (2008). Reciprocal influences between girls’ conduct problems and depression, and parental punishment and warmth: a six year prospective analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 663–677.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., et al. (1997). Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children—present and lifetime version (KSADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 980–988.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keeping, J. D., Najman, J. M., Morrison, J., Western, J. S., Andersen, M. J., & Williams, G. M. (1989). A prospective longitudinal study of social, psychological, and obstetrical factors in pregnancy: response rates and demographic characteristics of the 8,556 respondents. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 96, 289–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, D. P., & Dwyer, J. H. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Evaluation Review, 17, 144–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchand, J. F., Hock, E., & Widaman, K. (2002). Mutual relations between mothers’ depressive symptoms and hostile-controlling behavior and young children’s externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2(4), 335–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Najman, J. M., Bor, W., O’Callaghan, M., Williams, G. M., Aird, R., & Shuttlewood, G. (2005). Cohort profile: the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP). International Journal of Epidemiology, 34(5), 992–997.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, C. (1995). Self-injurious behaviour in children with learning disabilities: recent advances in assessment and intervention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36, 909–927.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., Dishion, T. J., & Bank, L. (1984). Family interaction: a process model for deviancy training. Aggressive Behavior, 10, 253–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B., & Ramsey, E. (1989). A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 44, 329–335.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riskind, J. H., Black, D., & Shahar, G. (2010). Cognitive vulnerability to anxiety in the stress generation process: interaction between the looming cognitive style and anxiety sensitivity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(1), 124–128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph, K. D., Hammen, C., Burge, D., Lindberg, N., Herzberg, D., & Daley, S. E. (2000). Toward and interpersonal life-stress model of depression: the developmental context of stress generation. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 215–234.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teti, D. M., & Gelfand, D. M. (1991). Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: the Mediational role of maternal self-efficacy. Child Development, 62, 918–929.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wahler, R. G. (1980). The insular mother: her problems in parent-child treatment. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 13(2), 207–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elizabeth B. Raposa.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Raposa, E.B., Hammen, C.L. & Brennan, P.A. Effects of Child Psychopathology on Maternal Depression: The Mediating Role of Child-Related Acute and Chronic Stressors. J Abnorm Child Psychol 39, 1177–1186 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9536-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9536-0

Keywords

Navigation