Abstract
HIV/AIDS disproportionately affects Hispanics. Our objective was to determine the risk of late diagnosis and rate of survival after HIV/AIDS diagnosis among Hispanics compared to other racial/ethnic groups. We performed a systematic review of the PubMed database for peer-reviewed articles published between January 2000 and September 2010. Primary outcomes included survival after HIV/AIDS diagnosis and delayed diagnoses. The definition of delayed diagnosis varied by study, ranging from concurrent HIV/AIDS diagnosis to diagnosis of AIDS within 3 years of HIV diagnosis. We found that Hispanics are at significantly greater risk for delayed diagnosis than non-Hispanic whites. Hispanic males and foreign-born Hispanics had the highest risk of late diagnosis. Available data on survival were heterogeneous, with better outcomes in some Hispanic subgroups than in others. Survival after antiretroviral initiation was similar between Hispanics and Whites. These findings emphasize the need for culturally-sensitive strategies to promote timely diagnosis of HIV infection among Hispanics and to examine the health outcomes and needs of high risk Hispanic subgroups.
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Acknowledgments
Dr. Page was supported by a K23 career development award (K23HD056957) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and National Institutes of Health (NIH).
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Appendices
Appendix 1
“Hispanic Americans”[MeSH Terms] OR “Hispanic Americans”[All Fields] OR “Hispanic”[All Fields] OR “Hispanics”[All Fields] OR “latina”[All Fields] OR “Latinas”[All Fields] OR “Hispanic”[All Fields] OR “Hispanics”[All Fields] OR “Hispanic American”[All Fields] OR “Mexican–American”[All Fields] OR “Mexican Americans”[MeSH Terms] OR “Mexican Americans”[All Fields] OR “Puerto Rican”[All Fields] OR “Puerto Ricans”[All Fields] OR “Spanish American”[All Fields] OR “Spanish Americans”[All Fields] OR “Cuban American”[All Fields] OR “Cuban Americans”[All Fields] OR “Spanish speaking”[All Fields].
AND
“Hiv”[MeSH Terms] OR “HIV”[All Fields] OR “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”[All Fields] OR “Human Immunodeficiency Viruses”[All Fields] OR “AIDS virus”[All Fields] OR “AIDS viruses”[All Fields] OR “HTLV-III”[All Fields] OR “Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type III”[All Fields] OR “Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type III”[All Fields] OR “Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type III”[All Fields] OR “Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type III”[All Fields] OR “Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type III”[All Fields] OR “Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III”[All Fields] OR “LAV-HTLV-III”[All Fields] OR “Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus”[All Fields] OR “Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus”[All Fields] OR “Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Virus”[All Fields] OR “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Virus”[All Fields] OR “Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome”[mesh] OR “immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome”[All Fields] OR “immune reconstitution”[All Fields] OR “immune restoration”[All Fields] OR “viral suppression”[All Fields] OR “viral load”[mesh] OR “viral load”[All Fields] OR “viral burden”[All Fields] OR “virus titer”[All Fields] OR “CD4 Lymphocyte Count”[mesh] OR “CD4 Lymphocyte Count”[All Fields] OR “CD4 Lymphocyte Counts”[All Fields] OR “CD4 Counts”[All Fields] OR “CD4 count”[All Fields] OR “CD4 cell count”[All Fields] OR “CD4 cell counts”[All Fields] OR “T4 lymphocyte count”[All Fields] OR “T4 lymphocyte counts”[All Fields] OR “CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes”[mesh] OR “CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes”[All Fields] OR “CD4 Positive T Lymphocytes”[All Fields] OR “CD4-Positive T-Lymphocyte”[All Fields] OR “T4 cell”[All Fields] OR “T4 cells”[All Fields] OR “T4 lymphocytes”[All Fields] OR “T4 lymphocyte”[All Fields] OR “CD4 positive lymphocyte”[All Fields] OR “CD4 positive lymphocytes”[All Fields].
AND
“treatment outcome”[mesh] OR “treatment outcome”[All Fields] OR “treatment failure”[mesh] OR “treatment failure”[All Fields] OR “treatment failures”[All Fields] OR “prognosis”[MeSH] OR “prognosis”[All Fields] OR “prognoses”[All Fields] OR “disease free survival”[mesh] OR “disease free survival”[All Fields] OR “medical futility”[mesh] OR “medical futility”[All Fields] OR “nomograms”[mesh] OR “nomograms”[All Fields] OR “mortality”[subheading] OR “mortality”[MeSH] OR “mortality”[All Fields] OR “mortalities”[All Fields] OR “cause of death”[mesh] OR “cause of death”[All Fields] OR “fatal outcome”[mesh] OR “fatal outcome”[All Fields] OR “fatal outcomes”[All Fields] OR “fatality rate”[All Fields] OR “fatality rates”[All Fields] OR “fatality”[All Fields] OR “fatalities”[All Fields] OR “death rate”[All Fields] OR “death rates”[All Fields] OR “death”[All Fields] OR “deaths”[All Fields] OR “survival rate”[mesh] OR “survival rate”[All Fields] OR “epidemiology”[Subheading] OR “epidemiology”[All Fields] OR “morbidity”[All Fields] OR “morbidity”[MeSH Terms] OR “morbidity”[All Fields] OR “morbidities”[All Fields] OR “survival”[All Fields] OR “Late presentation”[All Fields] OR “access to care”[All Fields] OR “health services accessibility”[mesh] OR “health services accessibility”[All Fields] OR “availability of health services”[All Fields] OR “health services availability”[All Fields] OR “accessibility of health services”[All Fields] OR “program accessibility”[All Fields] OR “risk perception”[All Fields] OR “perception of risk”[All Fields] OR “perception”[mesh] OR “delayed diagnosis”[mesh] OR “delayed diagnosis”[All Fields] OR “delayed diagnoses”[All Fields] OR “late diagnosis”[All Fields] OR “late diagnoses”[All Fields] OR “acculturation”[MeSH Terms] OR “acculturation”[All Fields] OR “cultural assimilation”[All Fields] OR “culturally sensitive”[All Fields] OR “cultural sensitivity”[All Fields] OR “stigma”[All Fields] OR “taboo”[mesh] OR “taboo”[All Fields] OR “taboos”[All Fields] OR “deportation”[All Fields] OR “prejudice”[mesh] OR “prejudice”[All Fields] OR “prejudices”[All Fields] OR “racism”[All Fields] OR “social discrimination”[All Fields] OR “segregation”[All Fields] OR “unrecognized infection”[All Fields] OR “Patient Compliance”[Mesh] OR “patient compliance”[All Fields] OR “patient noncompliance”[All Fields] OR “patient non compliance”[All Fields] OR “patient adherence”[All Fields] OR “patient nonadherence”[All Fields] OR “patient non adherence”[All Fields] OR “patient cooperation”[All Fields] OR “Medication Adherence”[Mesh] OR “medication adherence”[All Fields] OR “medication non adherence”[All Fields] OR “medication nonadherence”[All Fields] OR “medication compliance”[All Fields] OR “medication non compliance”[All Fields] OR “medication noncompliance”[All Fields] OR “medication persistence”[All Fields].
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Chen, N.E., Gallant, J.E. & Page, K.R. A Systematic Review of HIV/AIDS Survival and Delayed Diagnosis Among Hispanics in the United States. J Immigrant Minority Health 14, 65–81 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-011-9497-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-011-9497-y