Abstract
The standard rotating drum tester was used to determine the dustiness of two nanopowders, nano-TiO2 and fine ZnO, in standard 1-min tests. Then, the sampling train was modified to determine the number and mass distributions of the generated particles in the respirable size range using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) and a Multi-orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) in the 30-min tests. It was found that very few particles below 100 nm were generated and the released rate of particles decreased with increasing rotation time for both nanopowders in the 30-min tests. Due to the fluffy structure of the released TiO2 agglomerated particles, the mass distributions measured by the MOUDI showed large differences with those determined by the APS assuming the apparent bulk densities of the powders. The differences were small for the ZnO agglomerates, which were more compact than the TiO2 agglomerates.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baron P (1986) Calibration and use of the aerodynamic particle sizer (APS 3300). Aerosol Sci Technol 5:55–67. doi:10.1080/02786828608959076
CEN (European Committee for Standardization) (2006) Workplace atmospheres—Measurement of the dustiness of bulk material—Requirements and reference test methods. EN 15051:2006 (E) April 2006
Hamelmann F, Schmidt E (2003) Method of estimating the dustiness of indurstrial powders—A review. KONA—Powder Science & Technology in Japan No.21
Isamu O, Sakurai H, Gamo M (2007) Dustiness testing of engineered nano-materials. In: Abstract, 3rd international symposium on nanotechnology, occupation and environmental health, Taipei, Taiwan, 29 Aug–1 Sep 2007
Kinney PD, Pui DYH (1995) Inlet efficiency study for the TSI aerodynamic particle sizer. Part Part Syst Charact 12:188–193. doi:10.1002/ppsc.19950120405
Ku BK, Maynard AD, Baron PA, Deye GJ (2007) Observation and measurement of anomalous responses in a differential mobility analyzer caused by ultrafine fibrous carbon aerosols. J Electrost 65:542–548. doi:10.1016/j.elstat.2006.10.012
Lidén G (2006) Dustiness testing of materials handled at workplaces. Ann Occup Hyg 50(5):437–439. doi:10.1093/annhyg/mel042
Maynard AD, Baron PA, Foley M, Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Castranova V (2004) Exposure to carbon nanotube material: aerosol release during the handling of unrefined single-walled carbon nanotube material. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 67:87–107. doi:10.1080/15287390490253688
Mark D (2005) The use of reliable measurements of dustiness of chemicals in selecting the most appropriate dust control technology. IOHA 2005 Pilanesberg:S2-3
Mark D, Bard D, Thorpe A, Wake D (2007) Some considerations for the measurement of the dustiness of nanopowders. In: 3rd international symposium on nanotechnology, occupational and environmental health, Taipei, Taiwan, 29 Aug–1 Sep 2007
NIOSH (2005) NIOSH current intelligence bulletin: evaluation of health hazard and recommendations for occupational exposure to titanium dioxide (draft)
Oberdörster G, Oberdörster E, Oberdörster J (2005) Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 113:823–839
Petavratzi E, Kingman SW, Lowndes IS (2007) Assessment of the dustiness and the dust liberation mechanisms of limestone quarry operations. Chem Eng Process 46:1412–1423. doi:10.1016/j.cep. 2006.11.005
Peters TM, Leith D (2003) Concentration measurement and counting efficiency of the aerodynamic particle sizer 3321. J Aerosol Sci 34:627–634. doi:10.1016/S0021-8502(03)00030-2
Schneider T, Jensen KA (2008) Combined single-drop and rotating drum dustiness test of fine to nanosize powders using a small drum. Ann Occup Hyg 52(1):23–34. doi:10.1093/annhyg/mem059
Tsai CJ, Chein HM, Chang ST, Yoh KuoJong (1998) Performance evaluation of an API Aerosizer. J Aerosol Sci 29:839–853. doi:10.1016/S0021-8502(97)00433-3
Tsai CJ, Yang WS, Szymanski WW, Chein HM (1999) Particle transmission efficiency through the nozzle of the API aerosizer. J Aerosol Sci 30:1019–1028. doi:10.1016/S0021-8502(98)00789-7
Tsai CJ, Chen SC, Huang CH, Chen DR (2004) A universal calibration curve for the TSI aerodynamic particle sizer. Aerosol Sci Technol 38:467–474. doi:10.1080/02786820490460725
Volckens J, Peters TM (2005) Counting and particle transmission efficiency of the aerodynamic particle sizer. J Aerosol Sci 36:1400–1408. doi:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.03.009
Acknowledgement
The financial support from the Taiwan National Science Council via the contract NSC 96-2120-M-006-005 is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tsai, CJ., Wu, CH., Leu, ML. et al. Dustiness test of nanopowders using a standard rotating drum with a modified sampling train. J Nanopart Res 11, 121–131 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-008-9453-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-008-9453-5