Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The Treatment of High Grade Gliomas and Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Tumors of Childhood and Adolescence: A Historical – and Futuristic – Perspective

  • Childhood Brain Tumors
  • Published:
Journal of Neuro-Oncology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Pediatric high grade gliomas represent a heterogeneous group of tumors with poor prognoses despite the use of multimodal treatment. Very little progress has been made over the past decades in identifying efficacious therapeutic modalities against both high grade gliomas and diffuse brainstem gliomas in children. The degree of surgical resection is the most important clinical prognostic factor for children with high grade gliomas, and a complete resection should be attempted whenever feasible. The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of older children with high grade gliomas and diffuse brain stem gliomas is undisputed; however the benefit of using radiation for patients less than 6 years of age (with high grade gliomas) might be questionable. Despite the absence of solid evidence to support its use, chemotherapy is routinely used against these tumors. Currently temozolomide is being investigated due to its activity in adult trials and based on preliminary data regarding recurrent disease. A small subgroup of patients can be successfully treated with high dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell rescue. Early trials using this modality in the past had been associated with high morbidity and mortality. High dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue in selected patients with minimal residual disease, angiogenesis inhibitors, radiosensitizers and other biological modifiers are being currently investigated in phase I/II trials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. JG Rosenstock AE Evans L Schut (1976) ArticleTitleResponse to vincristine of recurrent brain tumors in children J Neurosurg 45 135–140 Occurrence Handle939971 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CSmB3sbotVU%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. BC Lampkin AM Mauer BH McBride (1967) ArticleTitleResponse of medulloblastoma to vincristine sulfate: a case report Pediatrics 39 761–763 Occurrence Handle6026877 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:CCiC28flvFQ%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. R Sposto IJ Ertel RD Jenkin CP Boesel JL Venes JA Ortega AE Evans W Wara D Hammond (1989) ArticleTitleThe effectiveness of chemotherapy for treatment of high grade astrocytoma in children: results of a randomized trial. A report from the Childrens Cancer Study Group J Neurooncol 7 165–177 Occurrence Handle2550594 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiaA1c7nvFw%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Packer R, Sposto R, Finlay J, Boyett J: Survival of children with high-grade gliomas (HGG): a comparison of two sequential randomized CCG trials. Annual Meeting of the American Neurological Association, Washington, DC, October 1995, Ann Neurol 38: 343, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  5. TW Pendergrass JM Milstein JR Geyer AF Mulne EJ Kosnik JD Morris RL Heideman FB Ruymann JT Stuntz WA Bleyer (1987) ArticleTitleEight drugs in one day chemotherapy for brain tumors: experience in 107 children and rationale for preradiation chemotherapy J Clin Oncol 5 1221–1231 Occurrence Handle3040919 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiiA3M%2Fls1E%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. JL Finlay JM Boyett AJ Yates JH Wisoff JM Milstein JR Geyer SJ Bertolone P McGuire JM Cherlow M Tefft et al. (1995) ArticleTitleRandomized phase III trial in childhood high-grade astrocytoma comparing vincristine, lomustine, and prednisone with the eight-drugs-in-1-day regimen. Childrens Cancer Group J Clin Oncol 13 112–123 Occurrence Handle7799011 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqD1MnptlI%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. JH Wisoff JM Boyett MS Berger C Brant H Li AJ Yates P McGuire-Cullen PA Turski LN Sutton JC Allen RJ Packer JL Finlay (1998) ArticleTitleCurrent neurosurgical management and the impact of the extent of resection in the treatment of malignant gliomas of childhood: a report of the Children’s Cancer Group trial no. CCG-945 J Neurosurg 89 52–59 Occurrence Handle9647172 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1czgvFertQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Weisfeld-Adams J, Murphy D, Wisoff J, Sposto R, Young D, Finlay J: The impact of extent of surgical resection of consensus-reviewed pediatric intracranial high-grade gliomas on outcome: a report of the Children’s Cancer Group trial. 11th International Symposium on Pediatric Neuro-oncology, Boston, June 2004 Neuro-oncology 6: 468, 2004

  9. JW Campbell IF Pollack AJ Martinez B Shultz (1996) ArticleTitleHigh-grade astrocytomas in children: radiologically complete resection is associated with an excellent long-term prognosis Neurosurgery 38 258–264 Occurrence Handle8869052 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiD383mvFY%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. RL Heideman J Kuttesch SuffixJr AJ Gajjar AW Walter JJ Jenkins Y Li RA Sanford LE Kun (1997) ArticleTitleSupratentorial malignant gliomas in childhood: a single institution perspective Cancer 80 497–504 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970801)80:3<497::AID-CNCR18>3.0.CO;2-S Occurrence Handle9241084 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiA1czgvFc%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. JE Wolff AK Gnekow RD Kortmann T Pietsch C Urban N Graf J Kuhl (2002) ArticleTitlePreradiation chemotherapy for pediatric patients with high-grade glioma Cancer 94 264–271 Occurrence Handle10.1002/cncr.10114 Occurrence Handle11815986 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlslKntw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. AL Albright R Sposto E Holmes PM Zeltzer JL Finlay JH Wisoff MS Berger RJ Packer IF Pollack (2000) ArticleTitleCorrelation of neurosurgical subspecialization with outcomes in children with malignant brain tumors Neurosurgery 47 879–885 Occurrence Handle11014428 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvmt1ektQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Batra V, Sposto R, Geyer J, Allen J, Pollack I, Finlay J: Long term outcome for children less than six years of age with diagnosis of consensus reviewed high-grade gliomas: A report of the CCG-945 study. International symposium on Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, June 13–16, 2004; Neuro-Oncology 6: 450, 2004

  14. Bouffet E, Sposto R, Allen J, Yates A, Pollack I, Finlay J: Outcome for children with consensus reviewed pathology of high grade gliomas of the spinal cord: A report on the CCG-945 study. International symposium on Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, June 13–16, 2004; Neuro-Oncology 6: 450, 2004

  15. Sapp M, Boyett J, Yates A, Burger P, Becker L, Davies R, Gilles F, Finlay J: Outcome for children with midline primary site high grade astrocytoma (HGA) treated on the Childrens Cancer Group Trial (CCG-945). Seventh International Symposium on Pediatric Neuro-oncology, Washington DC, May 1996 J Neuro-oncol 33: 269, 1996

  16. SJ Bertolone AJ Yates JM Boyett D Wallace JL Finlay (2003) ArticleTitleCombined modality therapy for poorly differentiated gliomas of the posterior fossa in children: a Children’s Cancer Group report J Neurooncol 63 49–54 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1023774701112 Occurrence Handle12814254

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. M Fouladi DL Hunt IF Pollack G Dueckers PC Burger LE Becker AJ Yates FH Gilles RL Davis JM Boyett JL Finlay (2003) ArticleTitleOutcome of children with centrally reviewed low-grade gliomas treated with chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy on Children’s Cancer Group high-grade glioma study CCG-945 Cancer 98 1243–1252 Occurrence Handle12973849

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. IF Pollack JM Boyett AJ Yates PC Burger FH Gilles RL Davis JL Finlay (2003) ArticleTitleThe influence of central review on outcome associations in childhood malignant gliomas: results from the CCG-945 experience Neuro-oncol 5 197–207 Occurrence Handle10.1215/S1152851703000097 Occurrence Handle12816726

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dufour C, Grill J, Lellouch-Tubiana A, Sainte-Rose C, Chastagner P, Frappaz D, Doz F, Pichon F, Raquin M, Kalifa C: High-grade gliomas (HGG) in children below 5 years of age: results of chemotherapy only with BBSFOP protocol. A multi center trial of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. International symposium on Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, June 13–16 2004 Neuro-Oncology 6: 453, 2004

  20. Hariharan S, Stuebgen P, Boyett JM, Yates AJ, Finlay JL, 1996. Anaplastic mixed gliomas in childhood: results from the Childrens Cancer Group study, CCG-945. 32nd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, Philadelphia, PA, May 1996. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 15: 467, 1996

  21. JR Geyer JL Finlay JM Boyett J Wisoff A Yates L Mao RJ Packer (1995) ArticleTitleSurvival of infants with malignant astrocytomas. A Report from the Childrens Cancer Group Cancer 75 1045–1050 Occurrence Handle7842407 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqC2cvms1E%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. JC Allen S Aviner AJ Yates JM Boyett JM Cherlow PA Turski F Epstein JL Finlay (1998) ArticleTitleTreatment of high-grade spinal cord astrocytoma of childhood with “8-in-1” chemotherapy and radiotherapy: a pilot study of CCG-945 Children’s Cancer Group J Neurosurg 88 215–220 Occurrence Handle9452226 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c7ht1Kjtw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. JL Finlay JR Geyer PA Turski AJ Yates JM Boyett JC Allen RJ Packer (1994) ArticleTitlePre-irradiation chemotherapy in children with high-grade astrocytoma: tumor response to two cycles of the ‘8-drugs-in-1-day’ regimen. A Childrens Cancer Group study, CCG-945 J Neurooncol 21 255–265 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF01063775 Occurrence Handle7699420 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByqB3MznslQ%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. IF Pollack SD Finkelstein J Woods J Burnham EJ Holmes RL Hamilton AJ Yates JM Boyett JL Finlay R Sposto (2002) ArticleTitleExpression of p53 and prognosis in children with malignant gliomas N Engl J Med 346 420–427 Occurrence Handle10.1056/NEJMoa012224 Occurrence Handle11832530 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhtVWqu78%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. IF Pollack RL Hamilton J Burnham EJ Holmes SD Finkelstein R Sposto AJ Yates JM Boyett JL Finlay (2002) ArticleTitleImpact of proliferation index on outcome in childhood malignant gliomas: results in a multi-institutional cohort Neurosurgery 50 1238–1244 Occurrence Handle12015841

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. IF Pollack SD Finkelstein J Burnham RL Hamilton AJ Yates EJ Holmes JM Boyett JL Finlay (2003) ArticleTitleAssociation between chromosome 1p and 19q loss and outcome in pediatric malignant gliomas: results from the CCG-945 cohort Pediatr Neurosurg 39 114–121 Occurrence Handle10.1159/000071647 Occurrence Handle12876389

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. E Arenson J Ater J Bank R Culler (1999) ArticleTitleA randomized phase II Trial of high dose alkylating agents plus VP-16 in children with high grade astrocytoma J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 21 325 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00043426-199907000-00085

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Chintagumpala M, Burger P, McCluggage C, Kepner J, Thompson S, Michalski J, Blaney S, Woo S, Friedman H, Horowitz M: Response to Procarbazine in newly diagnosed patients with high grade glioma: a Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) Study. Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting, ASCO, May 15–18, 1999 Atlanta, GA, ASCO Proc 18: 558a, 1999

  29. Jakacki R, Prados M, Yates A, Timmerman R, Krailo M, Qu W, Adamson P, Pollack I, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh P, PA: A phase I trial of temozolomide and CCNU in pediatric patients with newly diagnosed incompletely resected non-brain stem high grade gliomas: a Children’s Oncology group study. International symposium on Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, June 13–16 2004 Neuro-Oncology 6:459, 2004

  30. E Bouffet C Mottolese A Jouvet I Philip D Frappaz C Carrie M Brunat-Mentigny (1997) ArticleTitleEtoposide and thiotepa followed by ABMT (autologous bone marrow transplantation) in children and young adults with high-grade gliomas Eur J Cancer 33 91–95 Occurrence Handle9071906 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXit1yitLY%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. AC Grovas JM Boyett K Lindsley M Rosenblum AJ Yates JL Finlay (1999) ArticleTitleRegimen-related toxicity of myeloablative chemotherapy with BCNU, thiotepa, and etoposide followed by autologous stem cell rescue for children with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme: report from the Children’s Cancer Group Med Pediatr Oncol 33 83–87 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1096-911X(199908)33:2<83::AID-MPO4>3.0.CO;2-G Occurrence Handle10398181 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1Mzis12nsw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. V Papadakis IJ Dunkel LD Cramer E Kramer E Papadopoulos S Goldman RJ Packer M Willoughby D Baker J Garvin S Strandjord P Coccia AM Kaplan M Klemperer JL Finlay (2000) ArticleTitleHigh-dose carmustine, thiotepa and etoposide followed by autologous bone marrow rescue for the treatment of high risk central nervous system tumors Bone Marrow Transplant 26 153–160 Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.bmt.1702475 Occurrence Handle10918425 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FhvFCgsg%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. JL Finlay S Goldman MC Wong M Cairo J Garvin C August BH Cohen P Stanley RA Zimmerman B Bostrom JR Geyer RE Harris J Sanders AJ Yates JM Boyett RJ Packer (1996) ArticleTitlePilot study of high-dose thiotepa and etoposide with autologous bone marrow rescue in children and young adults with recurrent CNS tumors. The Children’s Cancer Group J Clin Oncol 14 2495–2503 Occurrence Handle8823328 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XlvVGju7o%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. J Finlay C August R Packer R Zimmerman L Sutton A Freid L Rorke E Bayever N Kamani E Kramer B Cohen B Sturgill J SS Nachman P FS Turski S Steeves M Javid (1990) ArticleTitleHigh-dose multi-agent chemotherapy followed by bone marrow “rescue” for malignant astrocytomas of childhood and adolescence J Neuro-Oncol 9 239–248 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By6B3c3it10%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Finlay J: High-dose chemotherapy with autologous marrow rescue (HDCx + ABMR) improves survival of patients with recurrent malignant glioma (MG) compared with conventional or no chemotherapy. 10th International Conference on Brain Tumor Research and Therapy, Voss, Norway, September 1993. J Neuro-Oncol, 15: Suppl S8, 1993

  36. RL Heideman EC Douglass RA Krance J Fontanesi JA Langston RA Sanford EH Kovnar J Ochs J Kuttesch JJ Jenkins et al. (1993) ArticleTitleHigh-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow rescue followed by interstitial and external-beam radiotherapy in newly diagnosed pediatric malignant gliomas J Clin Oncol 11 1458–1465 Occurrence Handle8336185 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByyA38bkvVM%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Gardner S, Baker D, Belasco J, Phillips P, Bunin N, Grupp S, Iannone R, Knopp E, Miller D, Cervone K, Ngo H, Finlay J: Phase I dose escalation of temozolomide with thiotepa and carboplatin with autologous stem cell rescue (ASCR) in patients with recurrent/refractory central nervous system (CNS) tumors. International Symposium on Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, June 13–16 2004 Neuro-Oncology 6: 455, 2004

  38. MS Edwards WM Wara RC Urtasun M Prados VA Levin D Fulton CB Wilson J Hannigan P Silver (1989) ArticleTitleHyperfractionated radiation therapy for brain-stem glioma: a phase I-II trial J Neurosurg 70 691–700 Occurrence Handle2709109 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiaB3MrpvFA%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. RJ Packer JC Allen JL Goldwein J Newall RA Zimmerman J Priest T Tomita DE Mandelbaum BH Cohen JL Finlay et al. (1990) ArticleTitleHyperfractionated radiotherapy for children with brainstem gliomas: a pilot study using 7,200 cGy Ann Neurol 27 167–173 Occurrence Handle10.1002/ana.410270212 Occurrence Handle2317012 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By%2BC1Mjhtlc%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. RJ Packer RA Zimmerman A Kaplan WM Wara LB Rorke M Selch J Goldwein JA Allen J Boyett AL Albright et al. (1993) ArticleTitleEarly cystic/necrotic changes after hyperfractionated radiation therapy in children with brain stem gliomas. Data from the Childrens Cancer Group Cancer 71 2666–2674 Occurrence Handle8453590 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByyB3c7kvFw%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. RJ Packer (1996) ArticleTitleBrain stem gliomas: therapeutic options at time of recurrence Pediatr Neurosurg 24 211–216 Occurrence Handle8873163 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiD38npvFA%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. CR Freeman JP Krischer RA Sanford ME Cohen PC Burger R Carpio Particledel EC Halperin L Munoz HS Friedman LE Kun (1993) ArticleTitleFinal results of a study of escalating doses of hyperfractionated radiotherapy in brain stem tumors in children: a Pediatric Oncology Group study Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 27 197–206 Occurrence Handle8407392 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuD3M3gtFU%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. MT Jennings R Sposto JM Boyett LG Vezina E Holmes MS Berger CS Bruggers JM Bruner KW Chan KE Dusenbery LJ Ettinger CR Fitz D Lafond DE Mandelbaum V Massey W McGuire L McNeely T Moulton IF Pollack V Shen (2002) ArticleTitlePreradiation chemotherapy in primary high-risk brainstem tumors: phase II study CCG-9941 of the Children’s Cancer Group J Clin Oncol 20 3431–3437 Occurrence Handle10.1200/JCO.2002.04.109 Occurrence Handle12177103 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntVyjsbk%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. CS Kretschmar NJ Tarbell PD Barnes JP Krischer PC Burger L Kun (1993) ArticleTitlePre-irradiation chemotherapy and hyperfractionated radiation therapy 66 Gy for children with brain stem tumors. A phase II study of the Pediatric Oncology Group, Protocol 8833 Cancer 72 1404–1413 Occurrence Handle8339231 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByyA3sfmtlU%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Korones DN, Kretschmar CS, Freeman CR, Fisher PG, Zhou T, Kepner J: Treatment of children with diffuse intrinsic brain stem glioma with standard dose irradiation and vincristine plus oral VP-16. A Pediatric Oncology Group study. Eighth Annual meeting of Society for Neuro-Oncology, Keystone, Colorado, November 13–16, 2003, Neuro-Oncology 5(4): 359, 2003

  46. E Bouffet M Raquin F Doz JC Gentet C Rodary F Demeocq P Chastagner P Lutz O Hartmann C Kalifa (2000) ArticleTitleRadiotherapy followed by high dose busulfan and thiotepa: a prospective assessment of high dose chemotherapy in children with diffuse pontine gliomas Cancer 88 685–692 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(20000201)88:3<685::AID-CNCR27>3.0.CO;2-K Occurrence Handle10649264 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXptVartg%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. IJ Dunkel B O’Malley JL Finlay (1996) ArticleTitleIs there a role for high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue for brain stem tumors of childhood? Pediatr Neurosurg 24 263–266 Occurrence Handle8933570 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiD1cjlsl0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1159/000121049

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. IJ Dunkel JM Boyett A Yates M Rosenblum JH Garvin SuffixJr BC Bostrom S Goldman LS Sender SL Gardner H Li JC Allen JL Finlay (1998) ArticleTitleHigh-dose carboplatin, thiotepa, and etoposide with autologous stem-cell rescue for patients with recurrent medulloblastoma. Children’s Cancer Group J Clin Oncol 16 222–228 Occurrence Handle9440746 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXmsVCqtg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. IJ Dunkel JH Garvin SuffixJr S Goldman LJ Ettinger AM Kaplan M Cairo H Li JM Boyett JL Finlay (1998) ArticleTitleHigh dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow rescue for children with diffuse pontine brain stem tumors. Children’s Cancer Group J Neurooncol 37 67–73 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1005874508975 Occurrence Handle9525840 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c7osVOmtg%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. A Kedar BL Maria J Graham-Pole DM Ringdahl RG Quisling JP Mickle NP Mendenhall RB Marcus SuffixJr S Gross (1994) ArticleTitleHigh-dose chemotherapy with marrow reinfusion and hyperfractionated irradiation for children with high-risk brain tumors Med Pediatr Oncol 23 428–436 Occurrence Handle8084310 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuA28njs1E%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. D Khuntia M Mehta (2004) ArticleTitleMotexafin gadolinium: a clinical review of a novel radioenhancer for brain tumors Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 4 981–989 Occurrence Handle10.1586/14737140.4.6.981 Occurrence Handle15606327 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVyqtrvN

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. P Rodrigus (2003) ArticleTitleMotexafin gadolinium: a possible new radiosensitiser Expert Opin Investig Drugs 12 1205–1210 Occurrence Handle10.1517/13543784.12.7.1205 Occurrence Handle12831354 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXkvFegsbk%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. S Rockwell ET Donnelly Y Liu LQ Tang (2002) ArticleTitlePreliminary studies of the effects of gadolinium texaphyrin on the growth and radiosensitivity of EMT6 cells in vitro Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 54 536–541 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0360-3016(02)02962-0 Occurrence Handle12243833 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntVWqtL0%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. S Xu K Zakian H Thaler C Matei A Alfieri Y Chen JA Koutcher (2001) ArticleTitleEffects of Motexafin gadolinium on tumor metabolism and radiation sensitivity Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 49 1381–1390 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0360-3016(00)01566-2 Occurrence Handle11286846 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXisVWnt74%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Evens AM, Lecane P, Magda D, Prachand S, Singhal S, Nelson J, Miller RA, Gartenhaus RB, Gordon LI: Motexafin gadolinium generates reactive oxygen species, induces apoptosis in sensitive and highly resistant multiple myeloma cells. Blood, 2004

  56. H Dehnad HB Kal T Stam IS Gademan RJ Moorselaar Particlevan BP Sanden Particlevan der (2003) ArticleTitleResponse to motexafin gadolinium and ionizing radiation of experimental rat prostate and lung tumors Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 57 787–793 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0360-3016(03)00661-8 Occurrence Handle14529785 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXns12rtrs%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. EK Rowinsky (1999) ArticleTitleNovel radiation sensitizers targeting tissue hypoxia Oncology (Huntingt) 13 61–70 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FhvVCqsw%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. R Roskoski SuffixJr (2004) ArticleTitleThe ErbB/HER receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and cancer Biochem Biophys Res Commun 319 1–11 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.150 Occurrence Handle15158434 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkt1Cgtbg%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. F Ciardiello (2000) ArticleTitleEpidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents Drugs 60 IssueID(Suppl 1) 25–32 Occurrence Handle11129169 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXptVegtr0%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. F Ciardiello G Tortora (2001) ArticleTitleA novel approach in the treatment of cancer: targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor Clin Cancer Res 7 2958–2970 Occurrence Handle11595683 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnvF2ktbk%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. ER Wood AT Truesdale OB McDonald D Yuan A Hassell SH Dickerson B Ellis C Pennisi E Horne K Lackey KJ Alligood DW Rusnak TM Gilmer L Shewchuk (2004) ArticleTitleA unique structure for epidermal growth factor receptor bound to GW572016 (Lapatinib): relationships among protein conformation, inhibitor off-rate, and receptor activity in tumor cells Cancer Res 64 6652–6659 Occurrence Handle10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1168 Occurrence Handle15374980 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnsFOlu7g%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. RD Rao CD James (2004) ArticleTitleAltered molecular pathways in gliomas: an overview of clinically relevant issues Semin Oncol 31 595–604 Occurrence Handle15497113 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVSgtLfM

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. NA Lokker CM Sullivan SJ Hollenbach MA Israel NA Giese (2002) ArticleTitlePlatelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) autocrine signaling regulates survival and mitogenic pathways in glioblastoma cells: evidence that the novel PDGF-C and PDGF-D ligands may play a role in the development of brain tumors Cancer Res 62 3729–3735 Occurrence Handle12097282 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XltF2jtbs%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. AB Lassman (2004) ArticleTitleMolecular biology of gliomas Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 4 228–233 Occurrence Handle15102349

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. PS Mischel TF Cloughesy (2003) ArticleTitleTargeted molecular therapy of GBM Brain Pathol 13 52–61 Occurrence Handle12580545

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. T Kilic JA Alberta PR Zdunek M Acar P Iannarelli T O’Reilly E Buchdunger PM Black CD Stiles (2000) ArticleTitleIntracranial inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor-mediated glioblastoma cell growth by an orally active kinase inhibitor of the 2-phenylaminopyrimidine class Cancer Res 60 5143–5150 Occurrence Handle11016641 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXntVamur4%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. P Traxler G Bold E Buchdunger G Caravatti P Furet P Manley T O’Reilly J Wood J Zimmermann (2001) ArticleTitleTyrosine kinase inhibitors: from rational design to clinical trials Med Res Rev 21 499–512 Occurrence Handle10.1002/med.1022 Occurrence Handle11607931 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXotVeht7c%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. A Mauro A Bulfone E Turco D Schiffer (1991) ArticleTitleCoexpression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) B chain and PDGF B-type receptor in human gliomas Childs Nerv Syst 7 432–436 Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00263184 Occurrence Handle1665101 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By2C28zptVc%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. MC Heinrich DJ Griffith BJ Druker CL Wait KA Ott AJ Zigler (2000) ArticleTitleInhibition of c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase activity by STI 571, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor Blood 96 925–932 Occurrence Handle10910906 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltlKitLw%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. MS Boguski F McCormick (1993) ArticleTitleProteins regulating Ras and its relatives Nature 366 643–654 Occurrence Handle10.1038/366643a0 Occurrence Handle8259209 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXnt1SisQ%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. G Bollag F McCormick (1991) ArticleTitleRegulators and effectors of ras proteins Annu Rev Cell Biol 7 601–632 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.cb.07.110191.003125 Occurrence Handle1667084 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XltlOmtA%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. NL Tuzi DJ Venter S Kumar SL Staddon NR Lemoine WJ Gullick (1991) ArticleTitleExpression of growth factor receptors in human brain tumours Br J Cancer 63 227–233 Occurrence Handle1671751 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:By6C2crhtVU%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. JL Bos J Rooij Particlede KA Reedquist (2001) ArticleTitleRap1 signalling: adhering to new models Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2 369–377 Occurrence Handle10.1038/35073073 Occurrence Handle11331911 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjs1Chu7g%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. A Guha MM Feldkamp N Lau G Boss A Pawson (1997) ArticleTitleProliferation of human malignant astrocytomas is dependent on Ras activation Oncogene 15 2755–2765 Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.onc.1201455 Occurrence Handle9419966 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXmtVOg

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. MM Feldkamp N Lau A Guha (1999) ArticleTitleGrowth inhibition of astrocytoma cells by farnesyl transferase inhibitors is mediated by a combination of anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects Oncogene 18 7514–7526 Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.onc.1203105 Occurrence Handle10602510 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXpslah

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. X Wang DC Christiani EJ Mark H Nelson JK Wiencke L Gunn JC Wain KT Kelsey (1999) ArticleTitleCarcinogen exposure, p53 alteration, and K-ras mutation in synchronous multiple primary lung carcinoma Cancer 85 1734–1739 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19990415)85:8<1734::AID-CNCR13>3.0.CO;2-1 Occurrence Handle10223567 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M3jvVSkug%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. ZJ Liu R Snyder A Soma T Shirakawa BL Ziober RM Fairman M Herlyn OC Velazquez (2003) ArticleTitleVEGF-A and alphaVbeta3 integrin synergistically rescue angiogenesis via N-Ras and PI3-K signaling in human microvascular endothelial cells Faseb J 17 1931–1933 Occurrence Handle14519669 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXot1Kit70%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. KN Meadows P Bryant PA Vincent KM Pumiglia (2004) ArticleTitleActivated Ras induces a proangiogenic phenotype in primary endothelial cells Oncogene 23 192–200 Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.onc.1206921 Occurrence Handle14712224 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtlGisA%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. M Alsina R Fonseca EF Wilson AN Belle E Gerbino T Price-Troska RM Overton G Ahmann LM Bruzek AA Adjei SH Kaufmann JJ Wright D Sullivan B Djulbegovic AB Cantor PR Greipp WS Dalton SM Sebti (2004) ArticleTitleFarnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib is well tolerated, induces stabilization of disease, and inhibits farnesylation and oncogenic/tumor survival pathways in patients with advanced multiple myeloma Blood 103 3271–3277 Occurrence Handle10.1182/blood-2003-08-2764 Occurrence Handle14726402 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXjslKgsLo%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. P Carmeliet (2003) ArticleTitleAngiogenesis in health and disease Nat Med 9 653–660 Occurrence Handle10.1038/nm0603-653 Occurrence Handle12778163 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktFOntbY%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. M Tjwa A Luttun M Autiero P Carmeliet (2003) ArticleTitleVEGF and PlGF: two pleiotropic growth factors with distinct roles in development and homeostasis Cell Tissue Res 314 5–14 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00441-003-0776-3 Occurrence Handle13680354 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXos1Clsr4%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. D Wang HJ Huang A Kazlauskas WK Cavenee (1999) ArticleTitleInduction of vascular endothelial growth factor expression in endothelial cells by platelet-derived growth factor through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase Cancer Res 59 1464–1472 Occurrence Handle10197615 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXisVWktb8%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. MS Pepper SJ Mandriota M Jeltsch V Kumar K Alitalo (1998) ArticleTitleVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C synergizes with basic fibroblast growth factor and VEGF in the induction of angiogenesis in vitro and alters endothelial cell extracellular proteolytic activity J Cell Physiol 177 439–452 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199812)177:3<439::AID-JCP7>3.0.CO;2-2 Occurrence Handle9808152 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXnsVKjtr0%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. T Sanchez-Elsner LM Botella B Velasco A Corbi L Attisano C Bernabeu (2001) ArticleTitleSynergistic cooperation between hypoxia and transforming growth factor-beta pathways on human vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression J Biol Chem 276 38527–38535 Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.M104536200 Occurrence Handle11486006 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnvVensbg%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. PC Brooks AM Montgomery M Rosenfeld RA Reisfeld T Hu G Klier DA Cheresh (1994) ArticleTitleIntegrin alpha v beta 3 antagonists promote tumor regression by inducing apoptosis of angiogenic blood vessels Cell 79 1157–1164 Occurrence Handle10.1016/0092-8674(94)90007-8 Occurrence Handle7528107 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXivVWqu7o%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. B Gesundheit G Klement C Senger R Kerbel M Kieran S Baruchel L Becker (2003) ArticleTitleDifferences in vasculature between pilocytic and anaplastic astrocytomas of childhood Med Pediatr Oncol 41 516–526 Occurrence Handle10.1002/mpo.10308 Occurrence Handle14595708

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. KH Plate W Risau (1995) ArticleTitleAngiogenesis in malignant gliomas Glia 15 339–347 Occurrence Handle10.1002/glia.440150313 Occurrence Handle8586468 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymC2Mjltlw%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. KH Plate HD Mennel (1995) ArticleTitleVascular morphology and angiogenesis in glial tumors Exp Toxicol Pathol 47 89–94 Occurrence Handle7580112 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BymC3czjvF0%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. B Millauer MP Longhi KH Plate LK Shawver W Risau A Ullrich LM Strawn (1996) ArticleTitleDominant-negative inhibition of Flk-1 suppresses the growth of many tumor types in vivo Cancer Res 56 1615–1620 Occurrence Handle8603410 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XitVemtr4%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. JK Smith NM Mamoon RJ Duhe (2004) ArticleTitleEmerging roles of targeted small molecule protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer therapy Oncol Res 14 175–225 Occurrence Handle14977353

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. M Zangari E Anaissie A Stopeck A Morimoto N Tan J Lancet M Cooper A Hannah G Garcia-Manero S Faderl H Kantarjian J Cherrington M Albitar FJ Giles (2004) ArticleTitlePhase II study of SU5416, a small molecule vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, in patients with refractory multiple myeloma Clin Cancer Res 10 88–95 Occurrence Handle14734456 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkvF2qsg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. J Litz G Sakuntala Warshamana-Greene G Sulanke KE Lipson GW Krystal (2004) ArticleTitleThe multi-targeted kinase inhibitor SU5416 inhibits small cell lung cancer growth and angiogenesis, in part by blocking Kit-mediated VEGF expression Lung Cancer 46 283–291 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.05.005 Occurrence Handle15541812

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. J Renbarger A Aleksic L McGuffey R Dauser S Berg S Blaney (2004) ArticleTitlePlasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of SU5416 after intravenous administration in nonhuman primates Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 53 39–42 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s00280-003-0683-z Occurrence Handle14551735 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpsVGitL8%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. WM Stadler D Cao NJ Vogelzang CW Ryan K Hoving R Wright T Karrison EE Vokes (2004) ArticleTitleA randomized Phase II trial of the antiangiogenic agent SU5416 in hormone-refractory prostate cancer Clin Cancer Res 10 3365–3370 Occurrence Handle15161690 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkt1GhsLw%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. WF Westlin (2001) ArticleTitleIntegrins as targets of angiogenesis inhibition Cancer J 7 IssueIDSuppl 3 S139–S143 Occurrence Handle11779085

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. SN Nikolopoulos P Blaikie T Yoshioka W Guo FG Giancotti (2004) ArticleTitleIntegrin beta4 signaling promotes tumor angiogenesis Cancer Cell 6 471–483 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.ccr.2004.09.029 Occurrence Handle15542431 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVGlurjM

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. H Hall JA Hubbell (2004) ArticleTitleMatrix-bound sixth Ig-like domain of cell adhesion molecule L1 acts as an angiogenic factor by ligating alphavbeta3-integrin and activating VEGF-R2 Microvasc Res 68 169–178 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.mvr.2004.07.001 Occurrence Handle15501236 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXovVKrsLY%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. TA Springer JH Wang (2004) ArticleTitleThe three-dimensional structure of integrins and their ligands, and conformational regulation of cell adhesion Adv Protein Chem 68 29–63 Occurrence Handle15500858 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXosF2rtA%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. R Hwang J Varner (2004) ArticleTitleThe role of integrins in tumor angiogenesis Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 18 IssueIDvii 991–1006 Occurrence Handle15474331

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. TJ MacDonald T Taga H Shimada P Tabrizi BV Zlokovic DA Cheresh WE Laug (2001) ArticleTitlePreferential susceptibility of brain tumors to the antiangiogenic effects of an alpha(v) integrin antagonist Neurosurgery 48 151–157 Occurrence Handle11152340 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7jvVantA%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. S Chatterjee A Matsumura J Schradermeier GY Gillespie (2000) ArticleTitleHuman malignant glioma therapy using anti-alpha(v)beta3 integrin agents J Neurooncol 46 135–144 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1006444300504 Occurrence Handle10894366 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2Fhs1OntQ%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. S Kumar TE Witzig SV Rajkumar (2002) ArticleTitleThalidomide as an anti-cancer agent J Cell Mol Med 6 160–174 Occurrence Handle12169202 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xmt1Gmtbw%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. JM Jacobson (2000) ArticleTitleThalidomide: a remarkable comeback Expert Opin Pharmacother 1 849–863 Occurrence Handle10.1517/14656566.1.4.849 Occurrence Handle11249521 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXktlalt7Y%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. D Stirling (2001) ArticleTitleThalidomide: a novel template for anticancer drugs Semin Oncol 28 602–606 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0093-7754(01)90032-6 Occurrence Handle11740817 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjvVSmtw%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. HA Fine WD Figg K Jaeckle PY Wen AP Kyritsis JS Loeffler VA Levin PM Black R Kaplan JM Pluda WK Yung (2000) ArticleTitlePhase II trial of the antiangiogenic agent thalidomide in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas J Clin Oncol 18 708–715 Occurrence Handle10673511 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhs1akurw%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. P Richardson K Anderson (2004) ArticleTitleImmunomodulatory analogs of thalidomide: an emerging new therapy in myeloma J Clin Oncol 22 3212–3214 Occurrence Handle10.1200/JCO.2004.05.984 Occurrence Handle15249587 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXpsVGrs7c%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. TM Tohnya SS Ng WL Dahut JJ Wright PM Arlen JL Gulley C Parker J Zeldis WD Figg (2004) ArticleTitleA phase I study of oral CC-5013 (lenalidomide, Revlimid), a thalidomide derivative, in patients with refractory metastatic cancer Clin Prostate Cancer 2 241–243 Occurrence Handle15072608 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXktlChtrw%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. B Sirohi R Powles (2004) ArticleTitleMultiple myeloma Lancet 363 875–887 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15736-X Occurrence Handle15031034

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. B Barlogie (2003) ArticleTitleThalidomide and CC-5013 in multiple myeloma: the University of Arkansas experience Semin Hematol 40 33–38 Occurrence Handle15015894 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmvVeitQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. JB Bartlett A Michael IA Clarke K Dredge S Nicholson H Kristeleit A Polychronis H Pandha GW Muller DI Stirling J Zeldis AG Dalgleish (2004) ArticleTitlePhase I study to determine the safety, tolerability and immunostimulatory activity of thalidomide analogue CC-5013 in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma and other advanced cancers Br J Cancer 90 955–961 Occurrence Handle10.1038/sj.bjc.6601579 Occurrence Handle14997189 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhslWrs7o%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. C Guerin A Olivi JD Weingart HC Lawson H Brem (2004) ArticleTitleRecent advances in brain tumor therapy: local intracerebral drug delivery by polymers Invest New Drugs 22 27–37 Occurrence Handle10.1023/B:DRUG.0000006172.65135.3e Occurrence Handle14707492 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXptlyrtr8%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. IR Whittle S Lyles M Walker (2003) ArticleTitleGliadel therapy given for first resection of malignant glioma: a single centre study of the potential use of Gliadel Br J Neurosurg 17 352–354 Occurrence Handle10.1080/0268869031000108873 Occurrence Handle14579902 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3srgt1ChsA%3D%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. H Brem P Gabikian (2001) ArticleTitleBiodegradable polymer implants to treat brain tumors J Control Release 74 63–67 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0168-3659(01)00311-X Occurrence Handle11489483 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlslansr0%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. X Yuan K Tabassi JA Williams (1999) ArticleTitleImplantable polymers for tirapazamine treatments of experimental intracranial malignant glioma Radiat Oncol Investig 7 218–230 Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1520-6823(1999)7:4<218::AID-ROI3>3.0.CO;2-C Occurrence Handle10492162 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtlWruro%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. JN Bruce A Falavigna JP Johnson JS Hall BD Birch JT Yoon EX Wu RL Fine AT Parsa (2000) ArticleTitleIntracerebral clysis in a rat glioma model Neurosurgery 46 683–691 Occurrence Handle10719865 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7ot1Ortg%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. M Kawakami K Kawakami RK Puri (2003) ArticleTitleInterleukin-4-Pseudomonas exotoxin chimeric fusion protein for malignant glioma therapy J Neurooncol 65 15–25 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1026294416718 Occurrence Handle14649882

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. DM Lieberman DW Laske PF Morrison KS Bankiewicz EH Oldfield (1995) ArticleTitleConvection-enhanced distribution of large molecules in gray matter during interstitial drug infusion J Neurosurg 82 1021–1029 Occurrence Handle7539062 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmsVGmsL8%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. F Weber A Asher R Bucholz M Berger M Prados S Chang J Bruce W Hall NG Rainov M Westphal RE Warnick RW Rand F Floeth F Rommel H Pan VN Hingorani RK Puri (2003) ArticleTitleSafety, tolerability, and tumor response of IL4-Pseudomonas exotoxin (NBI-3001) in patients with recurrent malignant glioma J Neurooncol 64 125–127 Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1024901501173 Occurrence Handle12952293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. I Pastan V Chaudhary DJ FitzGerald (1992) ArticleTitleRecombinant toxins as novel therapeutic agents Annu Rev Biochem 61 331–354 Occurrence Handle10.1146/annurev.bi.61.070192.001555 Occurrence Handle1497314 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xls1ehsrY%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. WA Hall A Godal S Juell O Fodstad (1992) ArticleTitleIn vitro efficacy of transferrin-toxin conjugates against glioblastoma multiforme J Neurosurg 76 838–844 Occurrence Handle1314294 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xkt1Sisr4%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. DJ FitzGerald I Pastan (1992) ArticleTitlePseudomonas exotoxin: recombinant conjugates as therapeutic agents Biochem Soc Trans 20 731–734 Occurrence Handle1487051 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XlsVakt78%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. SJ Danson MR Middleton (2001) ArticleTitleTemozolomide: a novel oral alkylating agent Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 1 13–19 Occurrence Handle10.1586/14737140.1.1.13 Occurrence Handle12113120 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXltlSgtLc%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Y Cai MH Wu M Xu-Welliver AE Pegg SM Ludeman ME Dolan (2000) ArticleTitleEffect of O6-benzylguanine on alkylating agent-induced toxicity and mutagenicity. In Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing wild-type and mutant O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferases Cancer Res 60 5464–5469 Occurrence Handle11034089 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXns1ehtro%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. AE Pegg (2000) ArticleTitleRepair of O(6)-alkylguanine by alkyltransferases Mutat Res 462 83–100 Occurrence Handle10767620 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXisVKgsbs%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. HS Friedman RE McLendon T Kerby M Dugan SH Bigner AJ Henry DM Ashley J Krischer S Lovell K Rasheed F Marchev AJ Seman I Cokgor J Rich E Stewart OM Colvin JM Provenzale DD Bigner MM Haglund AH Friedman PL Modrich (1998) ArticleTitleDNA mismatch repair and O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase analysis and response to Temodal in newly diagnosed malignant glioma J Clin Oncol 16 3851–3857 Occurrence Handle9850030 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXos1Si

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. HS Friedman SP Johnson Q Dong SC Schold BK Rasheed SH Bigner F Ali-Osman E Dolan OM Colvin P Houghton G Germain JT Drummond S Keir S Marcelli DD Bigner P Modrich (1997) ArticleTitleMethylator resistance mediated by mismatch repair deficiency in a glioblastoma multiforme xenograft Cancer Res 57 2933–2936 Occurrence Handle9230204 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXkslOktbw%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. M Belanich T Randall MA Pastor JT Kibitel LG Alas ME Dolan SC Schold SuffixJr M Gander FJ Lejeune BF Li AB White P Wasserman ML Citron DB Yarosh (1996) ArticleTitleIntracellular localization and intercellular heterogeneity of the human DNA repair protein O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 37 547–555 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s002800050427 Occurrence Handle8612308 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XisVCqu74%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. RB Mitchell ME Dolan (1993) ArticleTitleEffect of temozolomide and dacarbazine on O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase activity and sensitivity of human tumor cells and xenografts to 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 32 59–63 Occurrence Handle8462125 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXlsleksr4%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. HS Friedman S Keir AE Pegg PJ Houghton OM Colvin RC Moschel DD Bigner ME Dolan (2002) ArticleTitleO6-benzylguanine-mediated enhancement of chemotherapy Mol Cancer Ther 1 943–948 Occurrence Handle12481416 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmvFOntw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. HS Friedman DM Kokkinakis J Pluda AH Friedman I Cokgor MM Haglund DM Ashley J Rich ME Dolan AE Pegg RC Moschel RE McLendon T Kerby JE Herndon DD Bigner SC Schold SuffixJr (1998) ArticleTitlePhase I trial of O6-benzylguanine for patients undergoing surgery for malignant glioma J Clin Oncol 16 3570–3575 Occurrence Handle9817277 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXnsVOgtrc%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. ST Keir ME Dolan AE Pegg A Lawless RC Moschel DD Bigner HS Friedman (2000) ArticleTitleO6-benzylguanine-mediated enhancement of nitrosourea activity in Mer-central nervous system tumor xenografts–implications for clinical trials Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 45 437–440 Occurrence Handle10.1007/s002800051016 Occurrence Handle10854129 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXislaqu78%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Neural Tumors Program, Childrens Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, USA

    Jonathan L. Finlay & Stergios Zacharoulis

  2. The Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, USA

    Jonathan L. Finlay & Stergios Zacharoulis

Authors
  1. Jonathan L. Finlay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stergios Zacharoulis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jonathan L. Finlay.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Finlay, J.L., Zacharoulis, S. The Treatment of High Grade Gliomas and Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Tumors of Childhood and Adolescence: A Historical – and Futuristic – Perspective. J Neurooncol 75, 253–266 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-005-6747-7

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-005-6747-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation