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The Neuropsychology of Amphetamine and Opiate Dependence: Implications for Treatment

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Abstract

Chronic use of amphetamines and/or opiates has been associated with a wide range of cognitive deficits, involving domains of attention, inhibitory control, planning, decision-making, learning and memory. Although both amphetamine and opiate users show marked impairment in various aspects of cognitive function, the impairment profile is distinctly different according to the substance of abuse. In light of evidence showing that cognitive impairment in drug users has a negative impact on treatment engagement and efficacy, we review substance-specific deficits on executive and memory function, and discuss possibilities to address these during treatment intervention.

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Abbreviations

ACC:

anterior cingulate cortex

ADHD:

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

BIS-11:

Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, version 11

CANTAB:

Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery

CGT:

Cambridge Gamble Task

CPT:

Continuous Performance Test

IDED:

Intra-Dimensional/Extra-Dimensional set-shifting test

IGT:

Iowa Gambling Task

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

WCST:

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

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Acknowledgements

Karen Ersche holds the Betty Behrens Research Fellowship from Clare Hall College, Cambridge (U.K.). Barbara Sahakian’s research work is funded by the Wellcome Trust and she consults for Cambridge Cognition. The authors would like to thank Dr Samuel Chamberlain for comments on a previous version of the manuscript.

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Ersche, K.D., Sahakian, B.J. The Neuropsychology of Amphetamine and Opiate Dependence: Implications for Treatment. Neuropsychol Rev 17, 317–336 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-007-9033-y

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