Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and cervical cancer: Uptake and next steps

  • Review
  • Published:
Advances in Therapy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Infection with a high-risk type of the human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major contributing factor in the vast majority of cervical cancers. Dissemination of the HPV vaccine is critical in reducing the risk of the disease. This descriptive review of HPV vaccine uptake in papers published between 2006 and 2011 focuses on studies conducted in girls and young women. In the United States, rates of immunization as per the protocol for teens (age 13–17 years) range from 6% to 75% and those for young women (age 18–26 years) range from 4% to 79%, although the samples and data collection methods vary. The epidemiology of HPV, the mechanisms of action, protocols for vaccine immunization, rates of uptake, and barriers to vaccination at the policy, provider, and patient levels are reviewed. Various intervention techniques are described, and policy-level programs, such as legislation supporting mandates, subsidized public education, and cost-reduction initiatives, are also explored. Increased distribution of the HPV vaccine in school-based clinics, evidencebased scripts for provider counseling of young patients and their parents, concurrent immunizations to adolescents, prevention visits, greater patient education and outreach, and the dissemination of academic detailing can help to boost vaccine uptake, particularly in underresourced communities. Population-based surveillance is necessary for robust estimates of uptake over time. Additional research is needed to comprehensively examine socio-demographic, psychosocial, and sociocultural factors that predict vaccine uptake according to the protocol. Increased study of the vaccine’s long-term effectiveness, in both males and females and among extended age groups, is warranted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Winer RL, Hughes JP, Feng Q, et al. Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus in young women. N Engl J Med. 2006;354;2645–2654.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Dunne EF, Nielson CM, Stone KM, Markowitz LE, Giuliano AR. Prevalence of HPV infection among men: a systematic review of the literature. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1044–1057.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Giuliano AR. Human papillomavirus vaccination in males. Gynecol Oncol. 2007;107(suppl. 1):S24–S26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Reiter PL, Brewer NT, McRee AL, Gilbert P, Smith JS. Acceptability of HPV vaccine among a national sample of gay and bisexual men. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37:197–203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Zimet G, Rosenthal SL. HPV vaccine for males: issues and challenges. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;117(suppl.):S26–S31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Gillison ML, Chaturvedi AK, Lowy DR. HPV prophylactic vaccines and the potential prevention of noncervical cancers in both men and women. Cancer. 2008;113(suppl.): 3036–3046.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Michels KB, zur Hausen H. HPV vaccine for all. Lancet. 2009;374:268–270.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Reiter PL, McRee AL, Kadis JA, Brewer NT. HPV vaccine and adolescent males. Vaccine 2011 [epub ahead of print].

  9. Liddon N, Hood J, Wynn BA, Markowitz LE. Acceptability of human papillomavirus vaccine for males: a review of the literature. J Adolesc Health. 2010;46:113–123.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Vaccarella S, Franceschi S, Clifford GM, et al. Seroprevalence of antibodies against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 in four continents: the International Agency for Research on Cancer HPV Prevalence Surveys. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2010;19:2379–2388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human Papillomavirus: HPV Information for Clinicians. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2007. Available at: www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/common-clinicians/ClinicianBrofp.pdf. Accessed June 15, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kamangar F, Dores GM, Anderson WF. Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2137–2150.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Scarinci IC, Garcia FAR, Kobetz E, et al. Cervical cancer prevention: new tools and old barriers. Cancer. 2010;116:2531–2542.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ward E, Jemal A, Cokkinides V, et al. Cancer disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. CA Cancer J Clin. 2004;54:78–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cui Y, Baldwin SB, Wiley DJ, Fielding JE. Human papillomavirus vaccine among adult women: disparities in awareness and acceptance. Am J Prev Med. 2010;39:559–563.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Millen JC, Ginde AA, Anderson AT, Fang P, Camargo CA Jr. Multicenter study of knowledge about human papilloma virus and attitudes among emergency department patients. J Pediatric Adolesc Gynecol. 2009;22:356–359.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hughes J, Cates JR, Liddon N, Smith JS, Gottlieb SL, Brewer NT. Disparities in how parents are learning about the human papillomavirus vaccine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prevention. 2009;18:363–372.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Brown DR, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, et al. The impact of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV; types6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine on infection and disease due to oncogenic nonvaccine HPV types in generally HPV-naive women aged 16–26 years. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:926–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Paavonen J, Naud P, Salmerón J, et al. Efficacy of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine against cervical infection and precancer caused by oncogenic HPV types (PATRICIA): final analysis of a double-blind, randomised study in young women. Lancet. 2009;374:301–314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Markowitz LE. Update and new vaccine recommendations: human papillomavirus vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/ed/ciinc/downloads/Nov_09/NICRDnetconf2009final.ppt. Accessed June 15, 2011.

  21. Muñoz N, Manalastas R Jr., Pitisuttithum P, et al. Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6 6, 11, 16, 18) recombinant vaccine in women aged 24–45 years: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2009;373:1949–1957.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Dunne EF, Datta SD, Markowitz LE. A review of prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines: recommendations and monitoring in the US. Cancer. 2008;113(suppl.): 2995–3003.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Monk BJ, Herzog TJ. The new era of cervical cancer prevention: HPV vaccination. Gynecol Oncol. 2008;109(suppl. 1):S1–S3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Downs LS Jr., Scarinci I, Einstein MH, Collins Y, Flowers L. Overcoming the barriers to HPV vaccination in high-risk populations in the US. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;117:486–490.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Jones BA, Davey DD. Quality management in gynecologic cytology using interlaboratory comparison. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124:672–681.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. de Rijke JM, van der Putten HWHM, Lutgens LCHW, et al. Age-specific differences in treatment and survival of patients with cervical cancer in the southeast of the Netherlands, 1986–1996. Eur J Cancer. 2002;38:2041–2047.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Goldie SJ, Kohli M, Grima D, et al. Projected clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of a human papillomavirus 16/18 vaccine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:604–615.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hildesheim A, Hadjimichael O, Schwartz PE, et al. Risk factors for rapid-onset cervical cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180:571–577.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Janerich DT, Hadjimichael O, Schwartz PE, et al. The screening histories of women with invasive cervical cancer, Connecticut. Am J Public Health. 1995;85:791–794.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Wright TC Jr., Schiffman M, Solomon D, et al. Interim guidance for the use of human papillomavirus DNA testing as an adjunct to cervical cytology for screening. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:304–309.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. The ASCUS-LSIL Triage Study (ALTS) Group. Results of a randomized trial on the management of cytology interpretations of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;188:1383–1392.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Wiley DA, Masongsong E. Human papillomavirus: the burden of infection. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2006;61(suppl. 1):S3–S14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lacey CJN, Lowndes CM, Shah KV. Chapter 4: burden and management of non-cancerous HPVrelated conditions: HPV-6/11 disease. Vaccine. 2006;24(suppl. 3):S35–S41.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Vaccarella S, Francheschi S, Herrero R, et al. Sexual behavior, condom use, and human papillomavirus: pooled analysis of the IARC human papillomavirus prevalence surveys. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15:326–333.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Rosenfeld WD, Rose E, Vermund SH. Schreiber K, Burk RD. Follow-up evaluation of cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infection in adolescents. J Pediatr. 1992;121:301–311.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Widdice LE, Breland DJ, Jonte J, et al. Human papillomavirus concordance in heterosexual couples. J Adolesc Health. 2010;47:151–159.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Burchell AN, Richardson H, Mahmud SM, et al. Modeling the sexual transmissibility of human papillomavirus infection using stochastic computer simulation and empirical data from a cohort study of young women in Montreal, Canada. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163:534–543.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Dunne EF, Unger ER, Sternberg M, et al. Prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States. JAMA. 2007;297:813–819.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Muñoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, et al. International Agency for Research on Cancer Multicenter Cervical Cancer Study Group. Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:518–527

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Clifford GM, Smith JS, Aguado T, Franceschi S. Comparison of HPV type distribution in highgrade cervical lesions and cervical cancer: a metaanalysis. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:101–105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Clifford GM, Rana RK, Franceschi S, Smith JS, Gough G, Pimenta JM. Human papillomavirus genotype distribution in low-grade cervical lesions: comparison by geographic region and with cervical cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:1157–1164.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kreimer AR, Clifford GM, Boyle P, Franceschi S. Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14:467–475.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. FDA approves new vaccine for prevention of cervical cancer [press release]. Bethesda, MD: Food and Drug Administration; October 16, 2009.

  44. Harper DM, Williams KB. Prophylactic HPV vaccines: current knowledge of impact on gynecologic premalignancies. Discov Med. 2010;10:7–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Harper DM. Currently approved prophylactic HPV vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2009;8:1663–1679.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Vaccines excipient and media summary, part 2. Excipients included in the U.S. Vaccines, by vaccine. In: Atkinson W, Wolfe S, Hamborsky J, eds. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. 12th edition. Washington, DC: Public Health Foundation; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Garland SM, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM, et al. Females United to Unilaterally Reduce Endo/Ectocervical Disease (FUTURE) I Investigators. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1928–1943.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. The FUTURE II Study Group. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1915–1927.

    Google Scholar 

  49. The FUTURE I/II Study Group. Four year efficacy of prophylactic human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine against low grade cervical, vulvar, and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia and anogenital warts: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c3493.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler CM, et al. HPV Vaccine Study Group. Sustained efficacy up to 4.5 years of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and 18: follow-up from a randomised control trial. Lancet. 2006;367:1247–1255.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Stanley M. Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines: will they do their job? J Intern Med. 2010;267:251–259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Bonanni P, Boccalini S, Bechini A. Efficacy, duration of immunity and cross protection after HPV vaccination: a review of the evidence. Vaccine. 2009;27(suppl. 1):A46–A53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Schiller JT, Day PM, Kines RC. Current understanding of the mechanism of HPV infection. Gynecol Oncol. 2010;118(suppl. 1):S12–S17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Block SL, Brown DR, Chatterjee A, et al. Clinical trial and post-licensure safety profile of a prophylactic human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) L1 virus-like particle vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29:95–101.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Descamps D, Hardt K, Spiessens B, et al. Safety of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine for cervical cancer prevention: a pooled analysis of 11 clinical trials. Hum Vaccin. 2009;5:332–340.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Slade BA, Leidel L, Vellozzi C, et al. Postlicensure safety surveillance for quadrivalent human papillomavirus recombinant vaccine. JAMA. 2009;302:750–757.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Dana A, Buchanan KM, Goss MA, et al. Pregnancy outcomes from the pregnancy registry of a human papillomavirus type 6/11/16/18 vaccine. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114:1170–1178.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Wise LD, Wolf JJ, Kaplanski CV, Pauley CJ, Ledwith BJ. Lack of effects on fertility and developmental toxicity of a quadrivalent HPV vaccine in Sprague-Dawley rats. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2008;83:561–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Garland SM, Ault KA, Gall SA, et al. Pregnancy and infant outcomes in the clinical trials of a human papillomavirus type 6/11/16/18 vaccine: a combined analysis of five randomized controlled trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114:1179–1188.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Wacholder S, Chen BE, Wilcox A, et al. Risk of miscarriage with bivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18: pooled analysis of two randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2010;340:c712.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Vaccines for Children Program. Vaccines to prevent human papillomavirus Resolution No.010/09-1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/vfc/downloads/resolutions/1009hpv-508.pdf. Accessed June 15, 2011.

  62. Taira AV, Neukermans CP, Sanders GD. Evaluating human papillomavirus vaccination programs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1915–1923.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Elbasha EH, Dasbach EJ, Insinga RP, Haupt RM, Barr E. Age-based programs for vaccination against HPV. Value Health. 2007;12:697–707.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Jit M, Choi YH, Edmunds WJ. Economic evaluation of human papillomavirus vaccination in the United Kingdom. BMJ. 2008;337:a769.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Ginsberg GM, Fisher M, Ben-Shahar I, Bornstein J. Cost-utility analysis of vaccination against HPV in Israel. Vaccine. 2007;25:6677–6691.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Coupé VMH, Berkhof J, Bulkmans NWJ, Snijders PJF, Meijer CJLM. Age-dependent prevalence of 14 high-risk HPV types in the Netherlands: implications for prophylactic vaccination and screening. Br J Cancer. 2008;98:646–651.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Jain N, Stokley S, Yankey D. Vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13–17 years — United States, 2007. MMWR. 2008;57:1100–1103.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Stokley S, Dorell C, Yankey D. National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13–17 years — United States, 2008. MMWR. 2009;58:997–1001.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Dorell C, Stokley S, Yankey D, Cohn A. National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13–17 years — United States, 2009. MMWR. 2010;59:1018–1023.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Jain N, Euler GL, Shefer A, Lu P, Yankey D, Markowitz L. Human papillomavirus (HPV) awareness and vaccination initiation among women in the United States, National Immunization Survey — Adult 2007. Prev Med. 2009;48:426–431.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Schiller JS, Euler GL. Vaccination coverage estimates from the National Health Interview Survey: United States, 2008. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/vaccine_coverage/vaccine_coverage.pdf. Accessed June 15, 2011.

  72. 2009 Adult Vaccination Coverage, NHIS. The National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site. Available at: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/stats-surv/nhis/2009-nhis.htm. Accessed June 15, 2011.

  73. Caskey R, Lindau ST, Alexander GC. Knowledge and early adoption of the HPV vaccine among girls and young women: results of a national survey. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45:453–462.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Allen JD, Othus MKD, Shelton RC, et al. Parental decision making about the HPV vaccine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19:2187–2198.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Grant D, Kravitz-Wirtz N, Breen N, Tiro JA, Tsui J. One in four California adolescent girls have had human papillomavirus vaccination. Policy Brief UCLA Cent Health Policy Res. 2009 Feb;(PB2009-3):1–6.

  76. Gottlieb SL, Brewer NT, Sternberg MR, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccine initiation in an area with elevated rates of cervical cancer. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45:430–437.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Reiter PL, Cates JR, McRee A-L, et al. Statewide HPV vaccine initiation among adolescent females in North Carolina. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37:549–556.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Tan W, Viera AJ, Rowe-West B, Grimshaw A, Quinn B, Walter EB. The HPV vaccine: are dosing recommendations being followed? Vaccine. 2011;29:2548–2554.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Chao C, Velicer C, Slezak JM, Jacobsen SJ. Correlates for completion of 3-dose regimen of HPV vaccine in female members of a managed care organization. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;84:864–870.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Kahn JA, Rosenthal SL, Jin Y, Huang B, Namakydoust A, Zimet GD. Rates of human papillomavirus vaccination, attitudes about vaccination, and human papillomavirus prevalence in young women. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111:1103–1110.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Chao C, Velicer C, Slezak JM, Jacobsen SJ. Correlates for human papillomavirus vaccination of adolescent girls and young women in a managed care organization. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171:357–367.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Dempsey A, Cohn L, Dalton V, Ruffin M. Worsening disparities in HPV vaccine utilization among 19–26 year old women. Vaccine. 2011;29:528–534.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Rosenthal SL, Rupp R, Zimet GD, et al. Uptake of HPV vaccine: demographics, sexual history and values, parenting style, and vaccine attitudes. J Adolesc Health. 2008;43:239–245.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Cook RL, Zhang J, Mullins J, et al. Factors associated with initiation and completion of human papillomavirus vaccine series among young women enrolled in Medicaid. J Adolesc Health. 2010;47:596–599.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Yeganeh N, Curtis D, Kuo A. Factors influencing HPV vaccination status in a Latino population; and parental attitudes towards vaccine mandates. Vaccine. 2010;28:4186–4191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Gerend MA, Weibley E, Bland H. Parental response to human papillomavirus vaccine availability: uptake and intentions. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45:528–531.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Dempsey A, Cohn L, Dalton V, Ruffin M. Patient and clinic factors associated with adolescent human papillomavirus vaccine utilization within a universitybased health system. Vaccine. 2010;28:989–995.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Schluterman NH, Terplan M, Lydecker AD, Tracy JK. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake and completion at an urban hospital. Vaccine. 2011;29:3767–3772.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Allen JD, Mohllajee AP, Shelton RC, Othus MKD, Fontenot HB, Hanna R. Stage of adoption of the human papillomavirus vaccine among college women. Prev Med. 2010;48:420–425.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Roberts ME, Gerrard M, Reimer R, Gibbons FX. Mother-daughter communication and human papillomavirus vaccine uptake by college students. Pediatrics. 2010;125:982–989.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Bednarczyk RA, Birkhead GS, Morse DL, Doleyres H, McNutt L-A. Human papillomavirus vaccine uptake and barriers: association with perceived risk, actual risk and race/ethnicity among female students at a New York State university, 2010. Vaccine. 2011;29:3138–3143.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Watson M, Shaw D, Molchanoff L, McInnes C. Challenges, lessons learned and results following the implementation of a human papilloma virus school vaccination program in South Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2009;33:365–370.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Ogilvie G, Anderson M, Marra F, et al. A population-based evaluation of a publicly funded, school-based HPV vaccine program in British Columbia, Canada: parental factors associated with HPV vaccine receipt. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000270.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Brabin L, Roberts SA, Stretch R, et al. Uptake of first two doses of human papillomavirus vaccine by adolescent schoolgirls in Manchester: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2008;336:1056–1058.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Rondy M, van Lier A, van de Kassteele J, Rust L, de Melker H. Determinants for HPV vaccine uptake in the Netherlands: a multilevel study. Vaccine. 2010;28:2070–2075.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Fagot J-P, Boutrelle A, Ricordeau P, Weill A, Allemand H. HPV vaccination in France: uptake, costs and issues for the National Health Insurance. Vaccine. 2011;29:3610–3616.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Pruitt SL, Schootman M. Geographic disparity, area poverty, and human papillomavirus vaccination. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38:525–533.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Brewer NT, Gottlieb SL, Reiter PL, et al. Longitudinal predictors of human papillomavirus vaccine initiation among adolescent girls in a highrisk geographic area. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38:197–204.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Daley MF, Crane LA, Markowitz LE, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination practices: a survey of US physicians 18 months after licensure. Pediatrics. 2010;126:425–433.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. McCave EL. Influential factors in HPV vaccination uptake among providers in four states. J Community Health. 2010;35:645–652.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Lee GM, Santoli JM, Hannan C, et al. Gaps in vaccine financing for underinsured children in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298:638–643.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Freed GL, Cowan AE, Gregory S. Clark SJ. Variation in provider vaccine purchase prices and payer reimbursement. Pediatrics. 2008;122:1325–1331.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Keating KM, Brewer NT, Gottlieb SL, Liddon N, Ludema C, Smith JS. Potential barriers to HPV vaccine provision among medical practices in an area with high rates of cervical cancer. J Adolesc Health. 2008;43(suppl.):S61–S67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Gottlieb SL, Brewer NT, Smith JS, Keating KM, Markowitz LE. Availability of human papillomavirus vaccine at medical practices in an area with elevated rates of cervical cancer. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45:438–444.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Rand CR, Szilagyi PG, Albertin C, Auinger P. Additional health care visits needed among adolescents for human papillomavirus vaccine delivery within medical homes: a national study. Pediatrics. 2007;120:461–466.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Szilagyi PG, Bordley C, Vann JC, et al. Effect of patient reminder/recall interventions on immunization rates: a review. JAMA. 2000;284:1820–1827.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Herzog TJ, Huh WK, Downs LS, Smith JS, Monk BJ. Initial lessons learned in HPV vaccination. Gynecol Oncol 2008;109(suppl.):S4–S11.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Goldstein MG, Whitlock EP, DePue J. Planning Committee of the Addressing Multiple Behavioral Risk Factors in Primary Care Project. Multiple behavioral risk factor interventions in primary care. Summary of research evidence. Am J Prev Med. 2004;27:61–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Whitlock EP, Orleans CT, Pender N, Allan J. Evaluating primary care behavioral counseling interventions: an evidence-based approach. Am J Prev Med. 2010;22:267–284.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Kahn JA, Cooper HP, Vadaparampil ST, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccine recommendations and agreement with mandated human papillomavirus vaccination for 11-to-12-yearold girls: a statewide survey of Texas physicians. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18:2325–2332.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Brawley OW, Berger MZ. Cancer and disparities in health: perspectives on health statistics and research questions. Cancer. 2008;113:1744–1754.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Goel MS, Wee CC, McCarthy EP, Davis RB, Ngo-Metzger Q, Phillips RS. Racial and ethnic disparities in cancer screening: the importance of foreign birth as a barrier to care. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18:1028–1035.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Coughlin SS, Thompson TD, Hall HI, Logan P, Uhler RJ. Breast and cervical carcinoma screening practices among women in rural and nonrural areas of the United States, 1998–1999. Cancer. 2002;94:2801–2812.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Ogedegbe G, Cassells AN, Robinson CM, et al. Perceptions of barriers and facilitators of cancer early detection among low-income minority women in community health centers. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97:162–170.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Boyer LE, Williams M, Callister LC, Marshall ES. Hispanic women’s perceptions regarding cervical cancer screening. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2001;30:240–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. HPV vaccine: updated May 2011. National Conference of State Legislatures Web site. Available at: www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=14381#2009. Accessed June 15, 2011.

  117. Dempsey AF, Mendez D. Examining future adolescent human papillomavirus vaccine uptake, with and without a school mandate. J Adolesc Health. 2010;47:242–248, 248.e1–248.e6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Colgrove J. The ethics and politics of compulsory HPV vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2389–2391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Gostin LO, DeAngelis CD. Mandatory HPV vaccination: public health vs. private wealth. JAMA. 2007;297:1921–1923.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Haber G, Malow RM, Zimet GD. The HPV vaccine mandate controversy. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007;20:325–331.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Vaccination requirements for IV applicants. U.S. Department of State Web site. Available at: travel.state.gov/visa/immigrants/info/info_1331.html. Accessed June 15, 2011.

  122. Wright TC, Van Damme P, Schmitt H-J, Meheus A. Chapter 14: HPV vaccine introduction in industrialized countries. Vaccine. 2006;24(suppl. 3):S3/122–S3/131.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Sheinfeld Gorin S, Gauthier J, Hay J, Miles A, Wardle J. Cancer screening and aging: research barriers and opportunities. Cancer. 2008;113(suppl.): 3493–3504.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Briss PA, Rodewald LE, Hinman AR, et al. The Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to improve vaccination coverage in children, adolescents, and adults. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18(suppl.): 97–140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Rothman SM, Rothman DJ. Marketing HPV vaccine: implications for adolescent health and medical professionalism. JAMA. 2009;302:781–786.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Hulscher MEJL, Wensing M, van der Weijden T, Grol R. Interventions to implement prevention in primary care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001:CD000362.

  127. Sheinfeld Gorin S, Gemson D, Ashford A, et al. Cancer education among primary care physicians in an underserved community. Am J Prev Med. 2000;19:53–58.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Gorin SS, Wang C, Raich P, Bowen DJ, Hay J. Decision making in cancer primary prevention and chemoprevention. Ann Behav Med. 2006;32:179–187.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Ashford A, Gemson D, Sheinfeld Gorin SN, et al. Cancer screening and prevention practices of innercity physicians. Am J Prev Med. 2000;19:59–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Dietrich AJ, Sox CH, Tosteson TD, Woodruff CB. Durability of improved physician early detection of cancer after conclusion of intervention support. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1994;3:335–340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Chan SSC, Cheung TH, Lo WK, Chung TK. Women’s attitudes on human papillomavirus vaccination to their daughters. J Adolesc Health. 2007;41:204–207.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Davis K, Dickman ED, Ferris D, Dias JK. Human papillomavirus vaccine acceptability among parents of 10- to 15-year-old adolescents. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2004;8:188–194.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Dempsey AF, Zimet GD, Davis RL, Koutsky, L. Factors that are associated with parental acceptance of human papillomavirus vaccines: a randomized intervention study of written information about HPV. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1486–1493.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Gerend MA, Shepherd JE. Using message framing to promote acceptance of the human papillomavirus vaccine. Health Psychol. 2007;26:745–752.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Cox DS, Cox AD, Sturm L, Zimet G. Behavioral interventions to increase HPV vaccination acceptability among mothers of young girls. Health Psychol. 2010;29:29–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Leader AE, Weiner JL, Kelly BJ, Hornik RC, Cappella JN. Effects of information framing on human papillomavirus vaccination. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009;18:225–233.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Juraskova I, Bari RA, O’Brien MT, McCaffery KJ. HPV vaccine promotion: does referring to both cervical cancer and genital warts affect intended and actual vaccination behavior? Womens Health Issues. 2011;21:71–79.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Donovan B, Franklin N, Guy R, et al. Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination and trends in genital warts in Australia: analysis of national sentinel surveillance data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:39–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Koutsky LA, Ault KA, Wheeler CM, et al. Proof of Principle Study Investigators. A controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1645–1651.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Muñoz N, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, et al. Impact of human papillomavirus (HPV)-6/11/16/18 vaccine on all HPV-associated genital diseases in young women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010;102:325–339.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Perkins RB. Efficacy data and HPV vaccination studies. JAMA. 2009;302:2659.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Chesson H. The cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination in the United States. Department of Health Web site. Available at: www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/jcvi/foi-HPVsubgrouppapers0707-ACIPcosteffectiveness.pdf. Accessed June 15, 2011.

  143. Brotherton JML, Fridman M, May CL, Chappell G, Saville AM, Gertig D. Early effect of the HPV vaccination program on cervical abnormalities in Victoria, Australia: an ecological study. Lancet. 2011;377:2085–2092.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Link MW, Ahluwalia IB, Euler GL, Bridges CB, Chu SY, Wortley PM. Racial and ethnic disparities in influenza vaccination coverage among adults during the 2004–2005 season. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163:571–578.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Stein CR, Wortley PM, Singleton JA. Racial/ethnic disparities in influenza and pneumococcal vaccination levels among persons aged ≥65 years — United States, 1989–2001. MMWR. 2003;52:958–962.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Singleton JA, Greby SM, Wooten KG, Walker FJ, Strikas R. Influenza, pneumococcal, and tetanus toxoid vaccination of adults — United States, 1993–1997. MMWR. 2000;49:39–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Stanley M. Prospects for new human papillomavirus vaccines. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2010;23:70–75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Fiebig D, Haas M, Johar M, Viney R. Evaluating changes in women’s attitudes towards cervical screening following a screening promotion campaign and a free vaccination program. Paper presented at: 7th World Congress on Health Economics; July 12–15, 2009: Beijing, China.

  149. Lazcano-Ponce E, Herrero R, Muñoz N, et al. Epidemiology of HPV infection among Mexican women with normal cervical cytology. Int J Cancer. 2001;91:412–420.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. McCauley MM, Stokley S, Stevenson J, Fishbein DB. Adolescent vaccination: coverage achieved by ages 13–]15 years, and vaccinations received as recommended during ages 11–12 years, National Health Interview Survey 1997–2003. J Adolesc Health. 2008;43:540–547.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Christian WJ, Christian A, Hopenhayn C. Acceptance of the HPV vaccine for adolescent girls: analysis of state-added questions from the BRFSS. J Adolesc Health. 2009;44:437–445.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Markowitz LE, Sternberg M, Dunne EF, McQuillan G, Unger ER. Seroprevalence of human papillomavirus types 6, 11, 16, and 18 in the United States: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2004. J Infect Dis. 2009;200:1059–1067.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Brewer NT, Fazekas KI. Predictors of HPV vaccine acceptability: a theory-informed, systematic review. Prev Med. 2007;45:107–114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Lazcano-Ponce E, Rivera L, Arillo-Santillán E, Salmerón J, Hernández-Avila M, Muñoz N. Acceptability of a human papillomavirus (HPV) trial vaccine among mothers of adolescents in Cuernavaca, Mexico. Arch Med Res. 2001;32:243–252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Marlow LAV, Wardle J, Forster AS, Waller J. Ethnic differences in human papillomavirus awareness and vaccine acceptability. J Epidemiol Comm Health. 2009;63:1010–1015.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Constantine NA, Jerman P. Acceptance of human papillomavirus vaccination among Californian parents of daughters: a representative statewide analysis. J Adolesc Health. 2007;40:108–115.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Tissot AM, Zimet GD, Rosenthal SL, Bernstein DI, Wetzel C, Kahn JA. Effective strategies for HPV vaccine delivery: the views of pediatricians. J Adolesc Health. 2007;41:119–125.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Freed G, Clark SJ, Hibbs BF, Santoli JM. Parental vaccine safety concerns: the experiences of pediatricians and family physicians. Am J Prev Med. 2004;26:11–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Kahn JA, Zimet GD, Bernstein DI, et al. Pediatricians’ intention to administer human papillomavirus vaccine: the role of practice characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37:502–510.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Daley MF, Liddon N, Crane LA, et al. A national survey of pediatrician knowledge and attitudes regarding human papillomavirus vaccination. Pediatrics. 2006;118:2280–2289.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Abma JC, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Dawson BS. Teenagers in the United States: sexual activity, contraceptive use, and childbearing 2002. Vital Health Stat. 2004;23:1–48.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Zimet G. Improving adolescent health: focus on HPV vaccine acceptance. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37(suppl.):S17–S23.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Zimet GD, Mays RM, Fortenberry JD. Vaccines against sexually transmitted infections: promise and problems of the magic bullets for prevention and control. Sex Transm Dis. 2000;27:49–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Brabin L, Roberts SA, Farzaneh F, Kitchener HC. Future acceptance of adolescent human papillomavirus vaccination: a survey of parental attitudes. Vaccine. 2006;24:3087–3094.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Gorin SS. HPV knowledge among physicians and their low-income patients: survey findings and approaches for change. Program/Proceedings of the Eurogen Conference 2006, G423CO165:57–62.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Montaño DE, Kasprzyk D, Carlin L, et al. STDprevention counseling practices and human papillomavirus opinions among clinicians with adolescent patients — United States, 2004. MMWR. 2006;55:1117–1120.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Allen JD, Coronado GD, Williams RS, et al. A systematic review of measures used in studies of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine acceptability. Vaccine. 2010;28:4027–4037.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Rosenthal SL, Weiss TW, Zimet GD, Ma L, Good MB, Vichnin MD. Predictors of HPV vaccine uptake among women aged 19–26: importance of a physician’s recommendation. Vaccine. 2011;29:890–895.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Zimet GD, Stupiansky NW, Weiss TW, Rosenthal SL, Good MB, Vichnin MD. Influence of patient’s relationship status and HPV history on physicians’ decisions to recommend HPV vaccination. Vaccine. 2011;29:378–381

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Kahn JA, Lan D, Kahn RS. Sociodemographic factors associated with high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:87–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Freed GL, Clark SJ, Cowan AE, Coleman MS. Primary care physician perspectives on providing adult vaccines. Vaccine. 2011;29:1850–1854.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Kharbanda EO, Stockwell MS, Fox HW, Andres R, Lara M, Rickert VI. Text message reminders to promote human papillomavirus vaccination. Vaccine. 2011;29:2537–2541.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Sherri N. Sheinfeld Gorin

  2. Division of Cancer Prevention and Control Research, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Beth A. Glenn

  3. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

    Rebecca B. Perkins

Authors
  1. Sherri N. Sheinfeld Gorin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Beth A. Glenn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rebecca B. Perkins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sherri N. Sheinfeld Gorin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sheinfeld Gorin, S.N., Glenn, B.A. & Perkins, R.B. The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and cervical cancer: Uptake and next steps. Adv Therapy 28, 615–639 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-011-0045-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-011-0045-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation