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Cancer Immunotherapy and Nanomedicine

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ABSTRACT

The immune system has the ability to recognize and kill pre-cancer and cancer cells. However, with the immune system’s surveillance, the survival tumor cells learn how to escape the immune system after immunoselection. Cancer immunotherapy develops strategies to overcome these problems. Nanomedicine applications in cancer immunotherapy include the nanodiagnostics and nanobiopharmaceuticals. In cancer nanodiagnostics, it looks for specific “molecular signatures” in cancer cells or their microenvironment by using genomics and proteomics. Nanobiopharmaceuticals is the field that studies nanotechnology-based therapeutic agents and drug carriers. DNA, RNA, peptides, proteins and small molecules can all be used as cancer therapies when formulated in nanocarriers. Currently, cancer vaccines are applied in treatments with existing cancer or to prevent the development of cancer in certain high risk individuals. Most of the non-specific immune activation agents include adjuvants which enhance immunogenicity and accelerate and prolong the response of cancer vaccines. The carriers of vaccines, such as viruses and nanoparticles, have also been in clinical studies for many years. This review will discuss the relationships between the tumor and the immune system, and also will include topics covering the strategies used in eliminating tumors by using nanomedicine.

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Abbreviations

ADCC:

antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

APC:

antigen-presenting cell

bAb:

bispecific antibody

CIK:

cytokine-induced killer cells

CT:

Chlorella toxin

CTL:

cytotoxicity T-lymphocytes

CTLA-4:

cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4

DC:

dendritic cells

DLN:

draining lymph node

DOTAP:

N-[1-(2,3-dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium methyl-sulfate

EPR:

enhanced permeability and retention effects

GM-CSF:

granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor

HLA:

human leukocyte antigen

ICAM-1:

intercellular adhesion molecule-1

iDC:

immature DC

IFA:

incomplete Freud’s adjuvant

IFN:

interferon

IL:

interleukin

LFA-1:

lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1

LPD:

lipid-polycation-DNA

LT:

labile enterotoxin

mDC:

mature dendritic cells

MDSC:

myeloid-derived suppressor cell

MHC:

major histocompatibility complex

NK-cell:

natural killer cell

NP:

nanoparticle

ODN:

oligodeoxynucleotide

PD-1:

programmed death-1

PEG:

ethylene glycol

PLGA:

poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

Tc-cell:

cytolytic T-cell

TCR:

T-cell receptor

TGF-β:

transforming growth factor β

Th-cell:

helper T-cell

TLR:

toll-like receptor

TNFα:

tumor necrosis factor α

TRAIL:

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

Treg-cell:

regulatory T-lymphocyte

TT:

Tetanus toxoid

VEGF:

vascular endothelial growth factor

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The original work in this lab has been supported by NIH grant CA129421, and we would like to thank Ethan Ekkens, who provided additional advice for this article.

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  1. Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1319 Kerr Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA

    Wei-Yun Sheng & Leaf Huang

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Sheng, WY., Huang, L. Cancer Immunotherapy and Nanomedicine. Pharm Res 28, 200–214 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0258-8

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