Inhibition of dopamine uptake by cocaine and nicotine: tolerance to chronic treatments
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Combined cocaine and clonazepam administration induces REM sleep loss and anxiety-like withdrawal behaviors in rats
2020, Pharmacology Biochemistry and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :Galpern et al. (1991) observed that elevated plus-maze test results for rats that had received clonazepam daily for 14 days were no different statistically from those obtained at baseline. Similarly, cocaine can cause tolerance after successive days of administration (Izenwasser and Cox, 1992; Emmett-Oglesby and Lane, 1992; Calipari et al., 2013; Siciliano and Fordahl, 2016). The development of tolerance during the final days of the administration protocol would, thus, explain the lack of significant results in many of the explored variables, such as the supposed “intermediate effect” observed in the COCCLN group.
How fast and how often: The pharmacokinetics of drug use are decisive in addiction
2015, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsCitation Excerpt :The intermittency of drug exposure also determines the nature and direction of cocaine-evoked neuroadaptations within the dopamine system—a system that is fundamental to the reinforcing effects of psychostimulant drugs. Intermittent, once a day i.p. cocaine injections enhance cocaine-induced inhibition of striatal dopamine reuptake (Izenwasser and Cox, 1990), while continuous infusion of the drug over a 24-h period attenuates the effects of cocaine on reuptake (Izenwasser and Cox, 1992). Intermittent cocaine administration also produces functional subsensitivity of D2 autoreceptors that modulate dopamine release, while continuous cocaine administration produces D2 autoreceptor supersensitivity (Jones et al., 1996).
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