Cytokine indices in Alzheimer's temporal cortex: no changes in mature IL-1β or IL-1RA but increases in the associated acute phase proteins IL-6, α2-macroglobulin and C-reactive protein

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)91327-O

Brain Research

Volume 629, Issue 2, 3 December 1993, Pages 245-252

https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(93)91327-O Get rights and content

Abstract

Recent immunocytochemical data have demonstrated increases in interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the IL-6-inducible acute phase protein, α2-macroglobulin (α2-M), in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. We investigated the levels of these proteins quantitatively using ELISA procedures and determined if increases in IL-1β were compensated for by a parallel increase in the endogenous interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA). Comparing control vs. Alzheimer's temporal cortex, we examined mature IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, α2-M and C-reactive protein (CRP). The specificities of the ELISA procedures were verified by serial dilutions of the samples; by chromatofocusing, and by Sephadex G-150 gel filtration. There were no differences in the levels of mature IL-1β or IL-1RA in AD and control brains. However, IL-6 levels were detectable in 14 of the 16 Alzheimer samples but only 2 of the 14 control samples. There were also significant increases seen in α2-M and CRP levels in the Alzheimer's group compared to controls. These data support previous studies demonstrating a possible up-regulation of neuroimmune function in Alzheimer's cortex; however, we cannot determine, at this time, if this immune reaction is initiated by IL-1β.

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Cytokine indices in Alzheimer's temporal cortex: no changes in mature IL-1β or IL-1RA but increases in the associated acute phase proteins IL-6, α2-macroglobulin and C-reactive protein

Abstract

The role of the acute-phase protein α1-antichymotrypsin in brain dysfunction and injury

Res. Immunol.

Production of hemolymphopoietic cytokines (IL-6, Il-8, colony-stimulating to IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α1

J. Immunol.

Cytokines in Alzheimer's disease

Prog. Neurol. Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry

Interleukin-1 binding sites on astrocytes

Neuroscience

Interleukin-6 and α-2-macroglobulin indicate an acute-phase state in Alzheimer's disease cortices

FEBS

Patterns of gliosis in Alzheimers disease and aging cerebrum

Glia

Inflammatory cytokines within the central nervous system: sources, function, and mechanism of action

Cell Physiol.

Alzheimer's disease: amyloid plaques in the cerebellum

J. Neurol. Sci.

Alzheimer patients: preamyloid deposits are more widely distributed than senile plaques throughout the central nervous system

Neurosci. Lett.

Synthesis and secretion of α2-macroglobulin by human glioma establishe cell lines

Exp. Brain Res.

General and dramatic glial reaction in Alzheimer brains

Neurology

α2-Macroglobulin is a binding protein for basic fibroblast growth factor

J. Biol. Chem.

Biology of Disease. Microglia in human disease, with an emphasis on acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Lab. Invest.

On the cellular source and function of interleukin 6 produced in the central nervous system in viral diseases

Eur. J. Immunol.

Secretion of interleukin-1β by a leukemia cell line in response to lipopolysaccharide and mezerein

J. Biol. Res. Mod.

α2-Macroglobulin synthesis in an astrocyte subpopulation

J. Neurochem.

C-reactive protein and the acute phase response

Reactive glia as rivals in regulating neuronal survival

Glia

Detection of complement protein mRNA in human astrocytes by the polymerase chain reaction

J. Neurosci. Methods

Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease

Cytokines and the pathogenesis of neuroborreliosis: borrelia burgdorferi induces glioma cells to secrete interleukin-6

J. Infect. Dis.

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist activity of a human interleukin-1 inhibitor

Nature

Heat shock protein (hsx70) mRNA expression in human brain: effects of neurodegenerative disease and agonal state

Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol.

Interleukin-6 and the acute phase response

Biochem. J.

Synergistic action of interleukin-6 and glucocorticoids is mediated by the interleukin-6 response element of the rat α2 macroglobulin gene

Mol. Cell. Biol.

Reciprocal expression of NF9IL6 C/EBP in hepatocytes: possible involvement of NF-IL6 in acute phase protein gene expression

New Biologist

Preliminary studies on the interaction of TNFα and IFNγ with α2-macroglobulin

Immunol. Lett.

Diffuse senile plaques occur commonly in the cerebellum in Alzheimer's disease

Am. J. Pathol.

Complement mRNA in the mammalian brain: responses to Alzheimer's disease and experimental brain lesioning

Neurobiol. Aging

Interleukin-6 is a better marker of lethality than tumor necrosis factor in endotoxin treated mice

Microbiol. Immunol.

Production of hemolymphopoietic cytokines (IL-6, Il-8, colony-stimulating to IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α₁

Synthesis and secretion of α₂-macroglobulin by human glioma establishe cell lines

α₂-Macroglobulin is a binding protein for basic fibroblast growth factor

α₂-Macroglobulin synthesis in an astrocyte subpopulation

Synergistic action of interleukin-6 and glucocorticoids is mediated by the interleukin-6 response element of the rat α₂ macroglobulin gene

Preliminary studies on the interaction of TNFα and IFNγ with α₂-macroglobulin