Journal of Molecular Biology
Volume 203, Issue 2, 20 September 1988, Pages 439-455
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Embryonic ε and γ globin genes of a prosimian primate (Galago crassicaudatus): Nucleotide and amino acid sequences, developmental regulation and phylogenetic footprints

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Abstract

Sequence analysis of ε and γ genes and encoded globins and high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis of globin compositions in blood hemolysates obtained from embryos, fetuses and adults show that the prosimian primate Galago crassicaudatus expresses its ε and γ genes only embryonically. Since rabbit, mouse and galago all have embryonic γ genes but simian primates have fetal γ genes, we conclude that γE evolved into γF in stem-simians. An elevated non-synonymous substitution rate characterizes this transition. The alignment of ε and γ nucleotide sequences and the parsimoniously reconstructed evolutionary history of these sequences identify several anciently conserved cis-regulatory elements (phylogenetic footprints) important for γ expression in primates and also cis-mutations which may have been involved in the recruitment of the γ gene to a fetal program in simian primates.

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    This research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL 33940), National Science Foundation (BSR-8607202), Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and Wayne State University Center for Molecular Biology to M.G.; National Institutes of Health (DK17850) to R.T.J.; National Institutes of Health (HD18185) to D.L.H.

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