Hepatitis A and hepatitis B: Risks compared with other vaccine preventable diseases and immunization recommendations
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Prioritising immunisations for travel: International and Japanese perspectives
2014, Travel Medicine and Infectious DiseaseCitation Excerpt :Incidence data on travellers is often limited, it may not be current and may not be applicable to those travelling under extreme conditions or the very adventurous traveller, but it is essential in order to provide more precise information on risk and preventive measures. Pioneering work on non-immune Swiss travellers to developing countries by Steffen's group between 1981 and 1984 showed an incidence rate of hepatitis A of 3(–6) per 1000 person months [24]. The seroconversion rate of French volunteers staying long-term in Africa around 1980 was found to be 19 per 1000 person months, most of which presented with jaundice [25]. Recently, however, decreasing incidence rates of hepatitis A have been reported.
Predictors of travel-related hepatitis A and B among native adult Danes: A nationwide case-control study
2012, Journal of InfectionCitation Excerpt :Seroconversion studies and a single cohort study from the 1980s indicated that the risk of HAV and HBV was considerably higher in volunteers working in Africa than in average short-term travellers. In these studies, the absolute risk of HAV was much higher than the risk of HBV.18–20 This led to the conclusions that journey length is a dominant risk factor and that the risk of HBV is negligible on ordinary short journeys.
Fever and Systemic Symptoms
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2003, Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease